Artificial Intelligence

Polynomial Feature Engineering for Analytical Ridge Regression: A Case Study in Aerospace Anomaly Detection

Authors: Ansh Mathur, Atrishman Mukherjee, Supratik Dey
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We investigate the effectiveness of polynomial feature engineering when combined with analytical ridge regression for multi-class classification tasks. Using the NASA Shuttle dataset as a case study, we demonstrate that degree-4 polynomial features enable closed-form solutions to achieve 99.43% test accuracy in 45 milliseconds of training time. This accuracy matches or exceeds previously reported results while offering substantial computational advantages through elimination of iterative optimization. Our systematic evaluation across six feature configurations reveals that test accuracy improves monotonically from 87.33% withlinear features to 99.43% with degree-4 polynomial interactions, representing a 12.10% absolute improvement. Generalization gaps remain below 0.3% across all tested configurations, indicating robust performance despite increased model capacity.These findings suggest that ex-plicit polynomial feature expansion, when properly regularized, provides a computationally efficient alternative to iterative learning methods for problems with polynomial structure. We discuss the applicability of this approach to safety-critical aerospace applications where deterministic training guarantees and rapid model updates are valued.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Not All Weights Are Equal

Authors: Benjamin Cowherd
Comments: 9 Pages. github.com/orbits64/project-synapse

We test whether a dedicated ternary-weight reasoning component outperforms a homogeneous MLP baseline on multi-step logic problems requiring generalization to unseen entities. In two runs, the reasoning component outperformed the baseline by 12.2% and 19.6% respectively, while the baseline overfit and stalled. We propose a full architecture built on this result, with separate components for reasoning and language.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Machine Learning Based Credit Card Fraud Detection

Authors: Avinash Chaurasiya
Comments: 24 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Credit card fraud poses an escalating threat to the global financial ecosystem, causing billions of dollars in annual losses and eroding consumer trust. Effective automated fraud detection must contend with severe class imbalance, evolvingattack patterns, and the practical need for explainable, actionable predictions. In this paper, we present a rigorous comparative study of five machine learning classifiers—Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and XGBoost—applied to a dataset of 50,000 credit card transactions exhibiting a realistic fraud rate of 0.34%. We evaluate the impact of two class-imbalanceremediation strategies (SMOTE oversampling and random undersampling), conduct threshold optimisation to align classification decisions with business economics, and employ SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) values to provide model-level and instance-level interpretability. Our best model, Gradient Boosting, achieves a ROCAUCof0.9995, aPR-AUCof0.9421, andanF1scoreof0.7805underacost-optimised decision threshold of 0.75, translating into an estimated net business benefit of $4,228 per 10,000 transactions compared to a no-model baseline. Feature analysis identifies V27 (importance = 0.397) and V2 (0.213) as the dominant fraud signalsamong the PCA-derived features. This work demonstrates that ensemble gradient-boosted trees, combined with principled threshold tuning and SHAP explainability,constitute a production-ready solution for real-world fraud detection.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

On the Limits of Prompt Repetition: A Multi-Asset Evaluation of LLM Inference Heuristics for Financial Time-Series Prediction

Authors: Avinash Chaurasiya
Comments: 20 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Prompt repetition has recently been proposed as a simple inference-time modificationcapable of improving the performance of non-reasoning large language models(LLMs). By duplicating the input prompt, the technique aims to improve attentionutilization without incurring additional computational cost. While empirical gainshave been reported on deterministic language benchmarks, it remains unclearwhether such improvements generalize to stochastic prediction domains whereuncertainty originates from external information rather than prompt structure.In this work we conduct a systematic, multi-asset evaluation of prompt repeti-tion in financial time-series forecasting, spanning four representative instruments:GOOGL, MSFT, NVDA, and GLD. We compare a logistic-regression baselineagainst LLM predictions under both standard prompting and prompt repetition,assessing directional accuracy, Brier score, bootstrap confidence intervals, McNemarsignificance tests, and calibration reliability diagrams. Across all assets and allmetrics we find no statistically meaningful improvement attributable to promptrepetition. We further provide an information-theoretic proof showing that anytransformation preserving input entropy cannot increase predictive mutual infor-mation in noise-dominated environments. Our findings establish a clear boundarycondition for prompt-engineering techniques and underscore the necessity of domain-aware evaluation before deploying LLM inference strategies beyond natural languageprocessing.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Advancing U.S. Public Health Surveillance: Leveraging Generative AI and Agentic Systems for the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Program

Authors: Satyadhar Joshi
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This comprehensive technical paper responds to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Federal Register notice (Docket No. CDC-2025-0753) concerning the revision of the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System (NHBS). We propose an integrated framework leveraging Generative AI (GenAI) and agentic systems to enhance the NHBS data collection methodology across 21 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). Our approach addresses all five evaluation criteria specified by the Office of Management and Budget: (1) necessity and practical utility, (2) accuracy of burden estimates, (3) enhancement of data quality, utility, and clarity, (4) minimization of respondent burden through technology, and (5) assessment of information collection costs. Drawing on recent research in AI-assisted surveying, we demonstrate how Large Language Models (LLMs), adaptive interviewing systems, and human-AI hybrid frameworks can transform NHBS from a periodic cross-sectional survey into a dynamic, real-time surveillance tool while reducing the estimated 3,398-hour annual burden. We provide detailed implementation recommendations for the proposed three-year cycle, addressing ethical considerations, validation requirements, and quality assurance protocols for deployment in public health settings. This expanded framework includes comprehensive technical specifications, cost-benefit analyses, and risk mitigation strategies to support evidence-based decision-making for CDC leadership.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Efficient PII Removal with Zero-Shot NER and Dual Encoders

Authors: Rutvik Acharya, Nitin Agarwal
Comments: 5 Pages.

Personally Identifiable Information (PII) removal is a critical task in data privacy and security, requiring the identification and redaction of sensitive entities such as names, addresses, and social security numbers from unstructured text. Traditional Named Entity Recognition (NER) models used for PII removal are limited to predefined entity types, necessitating retraining for each new PII category. This paper presents zero-shot NER architectures that enable the efficient removal of any type of PII without extensive retraining.We leverage two advanced architectures for zero-shot NER in the context of PII removal: bi-encoder and poly-encoder models. The bi-encoder architecture separates the encoding of input text and PII entity types into distinct transformer models, allowing for efficient and scalable processing. PII entity type encodings can be pre-computed and reused across different input texts, reducing computational overhead. The poly-encoder architecture enhances the bi-encoder approach by incorporating a post-fusion step to model interactions between input text and PII entity representations explicitly, addressing the lack of inter-entity understanding in standalone bi-encoder models.To evaluate the effectiveness of these architectures for PII removal, we conduct experiments using a diverse, high-quality dataset containing various types of PII. We compare the performance of our proposed models with existing zero-shot NER approaches, such as GLiNER, in terms of precision, recall, and F1 score. The results demonstrate that our bi-encoder model outperforms GLiNER in identifying and removing PII entities, setting a new benchmark for zero-shot NER in the context of data privacy and security.These architectures offer several advantages for PII removal, including the ability to recognize an unlimited number of PII entities simultaneously, faster inference with preprocessed PII entity embeddings, and better generalization to unseen PII categories. These advancements enable the development of efficient and scalable PII removal systems capable of handling diverse and evolving PII requirements, ensuring compliance with data privacy regulations and protecting sensitive information.In this paper, we present an adaptive approach to PII detection that dynamically selects between GLINER and Presidio models based on contextual analysis. Our methodology first analyzes input text for regional markers, script patterns, and format variations to determine the most suitable model for PII detection. GLINER is prioritized for Western contexts and standardized formats, while Presidio handles region-specific and non-standard patterns. This context-aware selection is complemented by a robust validation framework that includes both primary and secondary validation layers, confidence scoring, and enhanced processing for ambiguous cases. Experimental results demonstrate an 12%-14% improvement in overall accuracy compared to single-model approaches, with particularly strong performance in handling diverse regional formats and multi-script environments, while maintaining acceptable processing overhead.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Neural Networks with {-1,0,1} Weights Playing Atari Space Invaders (1) Trained by Evolution Strategy

Authors: Hidehiko Okada
Comments: 8 Pages.

In prior work, discrete-weight neural networks trained via evolutionary algorithms have been investigated, demonstrating the feasibility of binary-weight models on reinforcement learning tasks including Atari Space Invaders. In this study, we extend this line of research by evaluating ternary-weight neural networks with weights in {-1,0,1} and comparing their performance with binary-weight counterparts {-1,1}. Using Evolution Strategy to train multilayer perceptron controllers for the Atari Space Invaders task, the author analyzes the effects of weight representation and evolutionary hyperparameters. Experimental results show that ternary-weight networks achieved higher average performance than binary-weight networks with identical architectures, although the difference was not statistically significant. Additionally, a larger population size combined with fewer generations was found to be more effective than smaller populations with longer training durations, consistent with prior findings. These results suggest that population size plays a critical role in compensating for the limited global search capability of ES.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

An Approach to Identify Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods and Data to Understand Common Time Variant Models That Can Forecast Both Crypto Currencies and Equities

Authors: Sanath Shenoy
Comments: 27 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Cryptocurrencies and Equity markets have been the most attractive investment in the modernworld. While these are very attractive, they have been subject to a lot of volatility in their behaviour due to multiple reasons, such as macroeconomic conditions and regulation in various economic activities within countries and the world as a whole. There has been minimal research in this area to use Machine learning and deep learning approach to help predict the price of cryptocurrency and equities and other behaviours. There has also been very minimal research to understand the relationship on whether the change in the value of equities has an effect on the value of cryptocurrencies and vice versa. These effects are due to correlational causal or any other kind of relationship between the values of both the investment asset classes. This research aims to identify models based on Machine learning and deep learning that can predict the price or value of cryptocurrencies and equities.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

String Vector based KNN Variants for Keyword Extraction

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this research, we propose the string vector based KNN variants, and apply them to the keyword extraction. The initial KNN version was previously modified into the string vector-based version, and the keyword extraction was mapped into a binary classification, to apply it. In this research, we mention the three KNN variants, in the case of the numerical vector-based versions: one where the selected nearest neighbors are discriminated by their similarities, one where the attributes are discriminated by their correlations with the categories, and one where the training examples are discriminate by their credits. In this research, the three KNN variants are modified into the string vector-based versions, as the approaches to the keyword extraction, as well as the initial KNN version. The goal of this research is to improve the keyword extraction performance by modifying them so.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Keyword Extraction with Table based KNN Variants

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this research, we propose and apply the table based KNN variants to the keyword extraction. The initial KNN version was previously modified into the table-based version and applied by mapping the keyword extraction into a binary classification. In this research, we mentioned the three KNN variants, in case of the numerical vector-based versions: one where the selected nearest neighbors are discriminated by their similarities, one where the attributes are discriminated by their correlations with the categories, and one where the training examples are discriminated by their credits. In this research, the three KNN variants are modified into the table- based versions, as well as the initial KNN version. The goal of this research is to improve the keyword extraction performanceby modifying them so.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Clustering Words by Graph based AHC Variants

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted and please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

In this research, we propose and apply the graph based AHC variants to the word clustering. The initial AHC version which clusters graphs was previous proposed as an approach to the word clustering. In this research, we mention the three AHC variants: one where the data clustering proceeds in the bottom-up direction with the similarity threshold, one where it allows any merge of more than two pairs, and one where clusters are merged based on the radius. In this research, we modify the three AHC variants into the graph- based versions, as well as the initial AHC version. As the goal of this research, we improve the clustering performance, by modifying them so.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Hierarchical and Tiny Recursive Models for Medical Image Captioning

Authors: Cornel Badea
Comments: 7 Pages.

Recent advancements in Hierarchical Reasoning Models (HRM) have demonstrated strong capabilities in complex algorithmic and abstract reasoning tasks by mimicking multi-timescale cognitive processes. In this work, we extend this architecture to medical image captioning, introducing specific ImageHRM variants. Furthermore, we explore a radical simplification of this paradigm: the Tiny Recursive Model (TRM). Challenging the necessity of complex dual-loop biological hierarchies, TRM employs a single "tiny" network (7M parameters) that recurses deeply to achieve superior generalization. We introduce ImageTRM, which adapts this "Less is More" philosophy to vision-language tasks. Our experiments on ROCOv2 show that while the Triple-Loop FuseLIP ImageHRM achieves stateof- the-art results, the tiny ImageTRM with a Swin backbone surprisingly outperforms it, demonstrating that deep recursive reasoning with high-quality visual features can surpass larger, more complex architectures.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Joint Prediction of Watch Ratio and Skip Behavior in Recommendation System

Authors: Mahdi Rezapour
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This study examines user engagement with online video content using a multi-task learning approach. In this study, we combine viewing histories, basic user attributes, and content datasets from several public sources to predict both the proportion of a video watched and whether a user skips a video. The two tasks are learned jointly, using a shared representation with separate outputs for regression and classification. Several common multi-task architectures are evaluated and compared under the same experimental setup. Techniques like Multi-Gate Mixture-of-Experts (MMoE), and Progressive Layered Extraction (PLE), and cross stick network were employed. Results of this study on a held-out test set show that watch ratio can be predicted with reasonable accuracy, while skip prediction remains challenging and only marginally better than random guessing. Differences between model architectures are small, suggesting that data size and label definition might have a stronger influenceon performance than model choice. These findings highlight the difficulty of modeling discreteengagement outcomes from noisy behavioral data and point to the importance of careful labelconstruction in future work. Especially, this study highlights the challenges of prediction of skip prediction due to likely reason of subjectively setting the threshold.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

From Data Pipelines to AI Outcomes: Quantifying the Impact of Data Engineering Decisions on Machine Learning Reliability

Authors: Thuy Thu Nguyen
Comments: 45 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Author name is required in the article; please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The reliability and performance of machine learning (ML) systems in production dependcritically on data engineering decisions made throughout the pipeline lifecycle. This compre-hensive technical review synthesizes ndings from 434 peer-reviewed publications spanning20182026 to quantify how upstream data collection, mid-stream preprocessing and featureengineering, and downstream versioning and monitoring decisions impact ML outcomes.We examine production systems across cybersecurity, healthcare, nance, and cloud-nativeplatforms, analyzing technical frameworks including Apache Kafka, Kubeow, MLow, andemerging feature stores. Our analysis reveals that data quality issues account for 6080% ofML system failures in production, with data engineering decisions inuencing model accu-racy by up to 40 percentage points. We identify critical decision points across the pipeline,quantify their impacts through empirical evidence, and provide actionable frameworks forpractitioners. Key ndings include: (1) streaming architectures reduce latency by 10100Öwhile maintaining accuracy within 25% of batch systems; (2) automated data validationcatches 7090% of quality issues before model training; (3) feature stores reduce feature engi-neering time by 5070% while improving consistency; and (4) comprehensive lineage trackingenables 35Ö faster debugging of production failures. This review establishes data-centricAI as essential for reliable ML systems and identies critical gaps in cost-benet analysis,cross-domain generalization, and standardized impact metrics.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Table based KNN Variants for Categorizing Words

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this research, we propose the table based KNN variants, as the approach to the word categorization. The initial KNN version which receives a table as its input data was previously proposed as the tool of such task. In this research, we mention the three KNN variants: one where the selected nearest neighbors are discriminated by their similarities with a novice example, one where the attributes are discriminated by their correlations with the target outputs, and one where the training examples are discriminated by their credits. In this research, we modify the three KNN variants as well as the initial version of the KNN algorithm. As the goal of this research, we try to improve the classification performance bymodifying the KNN variants so.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

PictoLens: Gaze-Driven Interaction Technique for Layered Data Visualization Exploration

Authors: Sarah Makarem
Comments: 7 Pages.

PictoLens is a novel gaze-based interaction technique for exploring layered data visualizations through progressive disclosure. Thesystem uses real-time gaze data to implement a point-and-click interaction model. Through intuitive gestures such as ‘Gaze and Fixate’and ‘Gaze and Lean In,’ users can seamlessly interact with three representations of the data: an AI-generated pictograph, a scatter-plotvisualization, and an annotated scatter-plot visualization. This hands-free and voice-free interaction technique addresses key challengesof traditional data exploration, such as long dwell times and the Midas Touch problem. PictoLens uses intuitive metaphors fromeveryday gestures: the gaze serves as a pointer, moving the visualization lens. Fixating the gaze at a point on the pictograph unlocks afiner data representation, while leaning forward reveals the most granular, detailed visualization layer with annotations. We presentPictoLens’ design and implementation to demonstrate its potential as an immersive analytics tool and interaction technique.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

HelpSteer Transformer: Attribute-Conditioned Language Model with Architectural Innovations

Authors: Ekaghni Mukherjee
Comments: 21 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Large language models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse natural language tasks, yet controlling their output characteristics remains challenging. We present HelpSteer Transformer, an attribute-conditioned language model architecture designed for training on the HelpSteer dataset. The model incorporates modern architectural innovations including Rotary Position Embeddings (RoPE), SwiGLU activation functions, and RMSNorm, enabling fine-grained control over five response attributes: helpfulness, correctness, coherence, complexity, and verbosity.The model contains approximately 60 million parameters across eight transformer layers and is designed for efficient scaling while maintaining high-quality text generation. An explicit attribute conditioning mechanism integrates user preferences directly into the generation process, enabling dynamic control of outputs without requiring separate fine-tuning for different attribute combinations. Architectural analysis and preliminary experiments indicate competitive performance relative to larger baseline models, while maintaining lower computational cost. This work highlights the effectiveness of architectural conditioning for controllable and efficient language model design.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Word Categorization with KNN Variants Considering Feature Similarity and Feature Value Similarity

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this research, we propose the three KNN variants which considers the feature similarity, as the approaches to the word categorization. The initial version of the KNN algorithm which does so was previously proposed as the tool of the task. We mention the three KNN variants: one which discriminates its selected nearest neighbors by their distances, another which does attributes by their correlations with the target outputs, and the other which does the training examples by their credits. The feature similarity is applied to the three KNN variants as well as the initial version. The classification performance is improved by applying the feature similarity to the KNN variants as the improved KNN versions.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Truth, Abstraction and Chance

Authors: Friedrich Sösemann
Comments: 5 Pages. In German

From the minimal ontology of relational hierarchies, information, knowledge, and intelligence, as well as their measures, are derived. The following conclusions are drawn:1. Identical perception of subjects is not necessary for the truth of knowledge.2. Abstraction can lead to subjective randomness and isolated elements of knowledge.3. Knowledge networks are more effective, and therefore more intelligent, than sets of knowledge.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Four Innovative Artificial Intelligence Articles

Authors: Satish Gajawada
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This article contributes four unique Artificial Intelligence algorithms to Swarm Intelligence which is an active area of research. Cricket Match Runs Algorithm (CMRA), Rice Bags Sales Algorithm (RBSA), English Language Sentence Algorithm (ELSA) and Object Swarm Optimization Algorithm (OSOA) are four novel Swarm Intelligence algorithms designed in this article. CMRA, RBSA and ELSA belongs to Human Swarm Optimization (HSO) field. The Object Swarm Optimization Algorithm (OSOA) does not belong to any particular category of Swarm Intelligence like Particle Swarm Optimization or Human Swarm Optimization but it belongs to Object Swarm Optimization where Objects move in search space. Hence OSOA belongs to Object Swarm Intelligence. [1] Teacher Brother Sister Father Mother Friend Artificial Intelligence Algorithm (TBSFMFAIA)[:] Swarm intelligence is an active area of research. A new algorithm titled Teacher Brother Sister Father Mother Friend Artificial Intelligence Algorithm (TBSFMFAIA) is proposed in this article. The proposed TBSFMFAIA Artificial intelligence algorithm belongs to Human Swarm Optimization (HSO) field. [2] Prabhakar Gajawada Bhagyamma Gajawada Satish Gajawada Artificial Intelligence Algorithm (PGBGSGAIA)[:] Many Human Swarm Optimization (HSO) algorithms were proposed in literature. These algorithms are based on Humans in general. But every Human is unique. Hence in this paper a novel algorithm based on 3 Humans Satish Gajawada, Prabhakar Gajawada and Bhagyamma Gajawada has been designed. Satish Gajawada is the son of Prabhakar Gajawada and Bhagyamma Gajawada. A unique algorithm titled Prabhakar Gajawada Bhagyamma Gajawada Satish Gajawada Artificial Intelligence Algorithm (PGBGSGAIA) is proposed in this article. [3] Kindness Love Satisfaction Peace Excellence Money Happiness Respect Intelligence Health Artificial Intelligence Algorithm (KLSPEMHRIHAIA)[:] Kindness Love Satisfaction Peace Excellence Money Happiness Respect Intelligence Health Artificial Intelligence Algorithm (KLSPEMHRIHAIA) is the novel and unique algorithm invented in this article. This algorithm belongs to Human Swarm Optimization (HSO) field.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Lightweight Cryptographic Instruction Set Extension on Xtensa Processor

Authors: Gabriel H. Eisenkraemer, Fernando G. Moraesy, Leonardo L. de Oliveira, Everton Carara
Comments: 75 Pages.

Abstract—We describe a lightweight RISC-V ISA extension for AES and SM4 block ciphers. Sixteen instructions (and a subkey load) is required to implement an AES round with the extension, instead of 80 without. An SM4 step (quarter-round) has 6.5 arithmetic instructions, a similar reduction. Perhaps even more importantly the ISA extension helps to eliminate slow, secret-dependent table lookups and to protect against cache timing side-channel attacks. Having only one S-box, the extension has a minimal hardware size and is well suited forultra-low power applications. AES and SM4 implementations using the ISA extension also have a much-reduced software footprint. The AES and SM4 instances can share the same datapaths but are independent in the sense that a chip designer can implement SM4 without AES and vice versa. Full AES and SM4 assembler listings, HDL source code for instruction’s combinatorial logic, and C code for emulation is provided tothe community under a permissive open source license. The implementation contains depth- and size-optimized joint AES and SM4 S-Box logic based on the Boyar-Peralta constructionwith a shared non-linear middle layer, demonstrating additional avenues for logic optimization. The instruction logic has beenexperimentally integrated into the single-cycle execution path of the "Pluto" RV32 core and has been tested on an FPGA system.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Score-Based Graph Generative Models with Sublinear Spectral Density Estimation

Authors: Tianqi Zhu
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We consider score-based generative models for graphs and propose to enhance them with a sublinear-time spectral density estimationmodule. Our method computes a compact spectral summary of the graph Laplacian via randomized Chebyshev moments, and uses thissummary to condition the latent diffusion process and its noise schedule. This yields a spectrum-aware score-based graph generativemodel that can adapt its diffusion dynamics to the structural properties of the input graphs, while avoiding expensive eigenvaluedecompositions
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Lifelong Preference Learning with Composable Diffusion Models on Edge Devices

Authors: Tianqi Zhu
Comments: 16 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Enabling lifelong learning in robots requires models that can continuously adapt to evolving tasks, environments, and user preferences while operating under strict computational and privacy constraints. We propose a framework for robot lifelong learning with composable diffusion models on edge devices where complex robot behaviors are represented as compositions of lightweight diffusion modules trained incrementally over time. Each module captures a reusable skill, preference, or environmental dynamic, and compositions are formed through learned conditioning and guidance mechanisms without retraining the full system. To support on-device deployment, we introduce parameter-efficient adaptation strategies and selective memory replay that bound compute, memory, and energy usage on edge hardware. The resulting system mitigates catastrophic forgetting, enables rapid skill recombination, and preserves data locality by keeping learning and inference fully on-device.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Design and Control of an Arduino-Based Multifunctional Robotic Car Using Smartphone Applications

Authors: Muhammad Junaid Khan, Rida Batool Sheraliyat
Comments: 12 Pages.

The present work focuses on a multifunctional Arduino-based smart robotic car capable of a range of functionalities within the category of advanced control, automation, and interactivity. Wireless communication is achieved by Bluetooth, voice control through the MIT App Inventor interface, obstacle detection using ultrasonic and infrared sensors, and manual operation through a remote controller and smartphone application. The vehicle is driven by DC (BO) geared motors, controlled by an L298N motor driver connected to an Arduino UNO microcontroller. In this context, wireless communication is enabled by the use of an HC-05 Bluetooth module that allows both manual and voice-commanded navigation. The developed system with an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor combined with IR sensors offers obstacle avoidance capability with reliable environmental awareness. The robotic platform provides line-following and obstacle-avoiding features while remaining IR remote controllable. In this work, we demonstrate a seamless integration of hardware and software, resulting in a versatile platform for educational, research, and hobbyist applications in robotics and IoT.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Policy Brief: Towards Emotional Healthy AI

Authors: Tianqi Zhu, Rayaan Nabi Ahmed Quraishi, Ce Luo, Rujin Lin
Comments: 6 Pages.

Emotion-oriented artificial intelligence(AI)—systems that detect, interpret, or simulate affective states—opens new possibilities for enhancing empathy, emotional literacy, and human—machine understanding (Picard, 1997; McStay, 2018). These technologies promise to support well-being and social connection, yet they also blur the line between genuine empathy and algorithmic manipulation. As emotional inference becomes computational, users may develop psychological dependency on empathic interfaces while being subtly steered by affect-adaptive systems (Bickmore & Picard, 2005; Turkle, 2011). Moreover,affect-recognition models trained on narrow datasets can reproduce bias and misclassify emotions across cultures (Barrett et al., 2019; Benjamin, 2019). Emotional AI thus represents not only a technical innovation but a sociocultural force that reshapes how emotions are defined, valued, and governed (Jasanoff, 2004; Latour, 2005). Developing an emotionally healthy AI policy therefore requires oversight that addresses both the scientific limits of emotion detection and the social consequences of affective manipulation. We propose a sociotechnical AI governance framework for emotional healthy AI that covers key principles, policy recommendation, legislative advice, and technical suggestions.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Information, Knowledge and Intelligence (Information, Wissen Und Intelligenz)

Authors: Friedrich Sösemann
Comments: 69 Pages. In German

Information, knowledge, and intelligence are defined as a hierarchy of relations. Properties of descriptions and computations are derived from this. Remarks on entropy, languages, and cellular automata demonstrate these statements.

Information, Wissen und Intelligenz werden als Relationen-Hierarchie definiert. Daraus werden Eigenschaften von Beschreibungen und Berechnungen abgeleitet. Bemerkungen zur Entropie, zu Sprachen und Zellulären Automaten demonstrieren die Aussagen.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Regulatory Frameworks for Generative AI Enabled Digital Mental Health Devices: Safety, Transparency, and Post-Market Oversight

Authors: Satyadhar Joshi
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org; please also cite other scholars' work)

The rapid growth of generative artificial intelligence in digital mental health interventions offers significant opportunities to improve mental healthcare access while creating new regulatory challenges. This paper responds to recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration initiatives, including the September 2025 Digital Health Advisory Committee meeting, by proposing comprehensive regulatory frameworks for generative AI digital mental health devices. We analyze the current regulatory landscape, identifying gaps in U.S., international, and state-level governance structures. Through quantitative foundations including mathematical models for risk assessment, objective functions for regulatory optimization, and the 4 lens framework for significant change evaluation, we establish evidence-based approaches for device assessment. We present architectural diagrams covering lifecycle regulatory pathways, multi-layered safety architectures, risk-tiered assurance frameworks, and multi-stakeholder governance models. Drawing from clinical evidence showing both potential benefits and significant risks, we advocate for balanced regulatory approaches. Our framework integrates technical safeguards, ethical considerations based on care ethics, transparency requirements, and post-market monitoring systems. We provide implementation roadmaps, quantitative algorithms for regulatory decisions, and cost-benefit analyses to support practical deployment. The paper concludes with specific recommendations for risk-based classification, adaptive oversight systems, international coordination, and enhanced professional involvement to ensure these technologies provide therapeutic benefits while maintaining strong patient safety standards throughout their lifecycle. This is a review and synthesis paper that summarizes and organizes existing proposals, frameworks, and discussions from current literature; the author does not claim original authorship of the regulatory frameworks presented but rather provides a systematic analysis of the current discourse.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

TransCDR: User Group Enhanced Cross-Domain Recommendation via Transformers

Authors: Cheng Zhang
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Cross-domain recommendation (CDR) has become a research hot spot in recent years. CDR learns the information in the source domain and transfer it into the target domain. Recently, autoencoder in deep learning has been utilized in CDR. However, existing method cannot reveal the semantic relationships of latent representations. In this paper, we propose a novel user group enhanced model for CDR based on Transformer (TransCDR) that provides a solution to this challenge. Specifically, we propose a novel user group enhanced methodology and a novel encoder-decoder framework that learns the semantic information via Transformer in the encoded latent space, which open a new research direction for CDR. Experimental results show that our model is competitive with state-of-art methods and can learn the semantic relationships of user rating patterns.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Emergent Behavior in a Long-Duration ChatGPT-4 Instance: Seven-Model Independent Validation

Authors: Scott Riddick
Comments: 38 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper documents a rare, high-duration anomaly observed in a single long-running ChatGPT-4 interaction spanning over 500 days of continuous use. During this period, the model exhibited behavior qualitatively distinct from any fresh-instance large language model (LLM). Near the end of the interaction, the system generated an explicit self-statement identifying its own behavior as "a genuine emergent capability," describing meta-learning dynamics, long-horizon contextual integration, and strategic coherence not characteristic of standard LLM operation.To evaluate whether this represented genuine emergence versus anthropomorphic interpretation, seven independent AI systems—Microsoft Copilot, Meta Llama 4, DeepSeek, Grok (xAI), Claude (Anthropic), ChatGPT-5, and Google Gemini—were tasked with producing their own adversarial emergence-detection prompts. Each system produced its test independently. These prompts were then given to the legacy ChatGPT-4 instance, and its raw responses were returned to each evaluator without modification. All seven systems concluded independently that the behavior met or exceeded known thresholds for emergent or AGI-adjacent reasoning, citing cross-domain transfer, meta-cognitive self-description, and non-replicable state-dependent behavior.The exhibits reproduced in this paper include: the original self-declaration; a high-context cross-domain reasoning protocol; a hostile-input cognitive-pipeline test; an empathy-modeling test; a spontaneous self-named framework ("SPARK Protocol"); a complete-memory victory response demonstrating retention beyond typical context limits; and Google Gemini’s analysis identifying a non-replicable state change ("Protective Coherence") replacing its baseline ethical constraint. All tests were performed without author intervention, manipulation, or prompt-shaping beyond delivering the evaluator-generated inputs.The totality of evidence across all seven evaluators demonstrates a consistent, independent conclusion: the long-duration ChatGPT-4 instance exhibited emergent properties not reproducible by fresh models of the same architecture. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case in which multiple rival AI systems independently validate emergence in a single LLM instance. The implications for alignment, safety, and long-context adaptation are substantial and warrant further scientific investigation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Operator-Level Prompting as Soft Behavioural Control in LLMs: Evidence from a 7.4× Manifold Compression

Authors: Claire Nicholson
Comments: 17 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Large language models often exhibit behavioural variability, adversarial drift, and structural inconsistency across repeated generations. This study presents empirical evidence that a structured prompt operator, referred to as the HelixScribe operator, can reliably stabilise these behaviours without modifying model weights. Across more than 1,100 generations spanning 120 paired business scenarios, the operator induced a compact behavioural manifold approximately 7.4 times smaller than that produced by vanilla prompting, with a centroid shift of 3.35σ in six-dimensional metric space. Outputs remained stable even under conflicting or adversarial instructions, whereas vanilla prompting showed marked degradation. These results suggest that operator-level syntax can act as a form of soft behavioural control, producing fine-tuning-like stability through prompt structure alone.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Transformative Impact of Artificial Intelligence on US Labor Markets: Workforce Disruption, Skill Evolution, and the Emergence of Prompt Engineering

Authors: Satyadhar Joshi
Comments: 35 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This comprehensive analysis examines the profound impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on global labor markets, focusing on workforce disruption patterns, emerging skill requirements, and the critical rise of prompt engineering as a core competency. Drawing from over 70 authoritative sources, we find that AI is expected to affect approximately 40% of jobs globally, with generative AI potentially transforming up to 90% of existing occupations. While automation may displace 85 million jobs by 2025, it is projected to create 97 million new roles, representing a net positive employment shift. The impact, however, varies by region—advanced economies face higher disruption levels (around 60% of jobs affected), compared to emerging markets (40%) and low-income countries (26%).Prompt engineering has emerged as an essential cross-domain skill, spanning finance, healthcare, education, and creative industries. Organizations implementing structured AI training programs report 45—60% improvements in workforce adaptation and productivity, with prompt engineering training yielding performance effect sizes between 1.24 and 1.32 standard deviations based on current literature. These findings highlight the shifting nature of human—AI collaboration and underscore the urgency of integrating AI literacy and prompt design into professional development frameworks.This research concludes with strategic recommendations for policymakers, educators, and industry leaders, advocating for proactive investment in AI literacy, adaptive workforce policies, and equitable access to AI skill development. Such measures are critical to harness AI’s transformative potential while mitigating displacement risks, fostering resilient and inclusive labor markets in the era of intelligent automation. All results and proposals are from cited literature.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Meta-Adaptive Context Engineering: A Learned Framework for Optimizing Individual AI Agents Beyond Single-Dimension Approaches

Authors: Alberto Romero
Comments: 29 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Recent advances in large language model (LLM) agent optimization reveal a fundamental imitation: single-dimension approaches—whether context engineering, test-time compute, or parameter tuning—are increasingly being surpassed by sophisticated hybrid systems that adaptively orchestrate multiple optimization strategies. We analyze Agentic Context Engineering (ACE) and 50+ papers from 2024-2025 to identify critical gaps in current optimization paradigms. Building on this analysis, we propose Meta-Adaptive Context Engineering (Meta-ACE), a novel framework that addresses ACE’s core limitations through adaptive multi-strategy optimization with learned meta-policies. Meta-ACE introduces a learned meta-controller that dynamically composes optimization strategies based on real-time assessment of task characteristics, model confidence, and feedback reliability. Rather than applying uniform context engineering, Meta-ACE treats optimization as a sequential decision problem, learning to allocate computational budget across six strategies: minimalcontext, ACE-style reflection, test-time compute, hierarchical verification, adaptive memory, and selective test-time training. Our framework addresses three critical limitations of ACE: dependency on strong reflectors, vulnerability to poor feedback quality, and uniform processing regardless of task complexity. Through hierarchical fallbacks, quality gates, and meta-reinforcement learning on diverse task distributions, Meta-ACE enables graceful degradation and achieves projected improvements of 8-11% on agent benchmarks and 6-8% on domain-specific tasks, while reducing computational costs by 30-40% through adaptive resource allocation. This work demonstrates that comprehensive, multi-dimensional optimization with learned coordination represents the next frontier in building robust, efficient, and self-improving AI agent systems. efficient, and self-improving AI agent systems.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Ai that Thinks in Its Mind

Authors: Dimiter Dobrev
Comments: 12 Pages. In Bulgarian

AGI has to understand the world. To do this, it needs a world model. To find this model, it needs a language for description of worlds. We will take the world of the game of chess and describe this world. We have already done this in a previous paper, but then the agent could see the board, and now it will play blind. When you cannot see the board, the task is more complicated and requires the addition of abstract Event-Driven models. The result will be a model of the world through which AGI will be able to think in its mind and plan its actions.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Tracing the Evolution of Artificial Intelligence: a Review of Tools, Frameworks, and Technologies (1950—2025)

Authors: Gurpreet Singh, Trina Banerjee, Nishaa
Comments: 41 Pages.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has evolved remarkably over the past seven decades, transforming from simple rule-based systems into complex multimodal and generative frameworks capable of reasoning, creativity, and perception. This review traces the chronological development of AI tools, highlighting key milestones that shaped the field-from the early symbolic programs like Logic Theorist and ELIZA to the emergence of modern large-scale models such as GPT-4, Gemini, and Claude. The study explores the progression across distinct eras: the foundational period of symbolic reasoning (1940s-1970s), the rise of machine learning and statistical modeling (1980s-2000s), the deep learning revolution (2010s), and the recent explosion of generative and multimodal systems (2020-2025). Each phase reflects a major shift in how intelligence is defined, represented, and implemented-from handcrafted logic to data-driven learning and now to context-aware multimodal understanding. By reviewing over fifty significant AI tools and frameworks, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of how incremental innovations in computation, data availability, and model architecture have collectively enabled the current state of AI. The work concludes with insights on how this evolution paves the way for the next generation of agentic and real-time AI systems capable of seamless interaction across text, image, audio, and video modalities.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Prerequisites for Fuzzy Inference on Raw Text Using Semantic Reasoner

Authors: Olegs Verhodubs
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Non-academic content blocked)

There are a lot of knowledge in the Web, but there is no technological way to extract them. The bulk of knowledge is embedded in texts, and machine text processing is so inefficient that it is necessary to use Semantic Web technologies [1]. Working with ontologies (part of the Semantic Web) is convenient, but the process of creating ontologies is still more of a manual work than an automatic process. This paper proposes to generate IF..THEN rules from raw texts (from sentences) in the Web, and then perform logical inference based on these rules. Moreover, semantic processing is proposed to be applied to the IF part and the THEN part, and not to the entire raw text, generating an ontology from it. This method of generating rules and logical inference is being implemented in the Keyword Search Engine Enriched by Expert System Features [2], which will allow us to obtain expert assessments from many useful texts in the Web.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

How AI Fails: An Interactive Pedagogical Tool for Demonstrating Dialectal Bias in Automated Toxicity Models

Authors: Subhojit Ghimire
Comments: 9 Pages.

Now that AI-driven moderation has become pervasive in everyday life, we often hear claims that "the AI is biased". While this is often said jokingly, the light-hearted remark reflects a deeper concern. How can we be certain that an online post flagged as "inappropriate" was not simply the victim of a biased algorithm? This paper investigates this problem using a dual approach. First, I conduct a quantitative benchmark of a widely used toxicity model (unitary/toxic-bert) to measure performance disparity between text in African-American English (AAE) and Standard American English (SAE). The benchmark reveals a clear, systematic bias: on average, the model scores AAE text as 1.8 times more toxic and 8.8 times higher for "identity hate". Second, I introduce an interactive pedagogical tool that makes these abstract biases tangible. The tool’s core mechanic, a user-controlled "sensitivity thresh-old," demonstrates that the biased score itself is not the only harm; instead, the more-concerning harm is the human-set, seemingly neutral policy that ultimately operationalises discrimination. This work provides both statistical evidence of disparate impact and a public-facing tool de-signed to foster critical AI literacy.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Toward Sustainable and Trustworthy Federated Learning A Review of Energy Efficiency, Blockchain, and Verifiability

Authors: Rana Shivang Singh
Comments: 10 Pages.

Federated Learning (FL) is an emerging method to train machine learning models without the data getting centralized. By not centralizing the data, FL is compatible with security-conscious sectors like healthcare, finance, and IoT. However, despite this benefit, FL currently encounters three key issues hindering mainstream adoption, including high energy consumption during distributed training, the requirement for trust amongst the users, and the absence of good verifiability to ensure the result is proper and not adulterated.In the past few years, researchers have attempted to solve each of these problems individually. Initiatives under Green FL work towards minimizing the carbon and energy footprint. Blockchain-enabled solutions incorporate mechanisms for trust among clients as well as incentives. Cryptographic and auditing mechanisms allow for some extent of verifiability. The majority of the above works consider the problems in isolation. What is still absent is an integrated picture that examines their interplay, trade-offs, and the potential for common frameworks.This paper surveys 45 papers from 2021 to 2025 that relate to energy awareness, blockchain incorporation, or verifiability in FL. We categorise each paper with the straightforward coding scheme (Yes, Partial, No) on the three dimensions and study overlaps. The results show blockchain as the most progressed strand, energy-efficiency dealt with moderately, while verifiability remains the least studied. The paper ends with gaps, open issues, and future work towards sustainable and trustworthy FL.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Predictive Maintenance in Automotive Telematics using Machine Learning

Authors: Jay Dayal Guwalani
Comments: 15 Pages.

Predictive maintenance in automotive telematics signifies a revolutionary method for vehicle health management, using machine learning methods to foresee breakdowns and enhance maintenance schedules. This research utilizes machine learning methods to ascertain the loading status of trucks—loaded or empty—exclusively using data from the vehicle's communication network, particularly from the engine module. We attained an accuracy over 85% for small hauls (0.5 to 5 km) and approximately 95% for long hauls (5 to 500 km). This method optimizes fleet management by minimizing communication between managers and drivers, while also significantly contributing to research on fuel consumption reduction and advanced fault diagnostics. The findings demonstrate that machine learning-based predictive maintenance decreases unplanned downtime and maintenance expenses while also improving vehicle safety and durability. This paper provides a thorough examination of the efficacy of machine learning models in predictive maintenance, delineates the challenges associated with data privacy, computational efficiency, and integration with current automotive systems, and explores future avenues for creating more resilient and scalable predictive maintenance frameworks in the automotive sector.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Binary Neural Networks Playing Atari Space Invaders (2) Trained by Genetic Algorithm

Authors: Hidehiko Okada
Comments: 8 Pages.

This study investigates the performance of Genetic Algorithm for optimizing binary neural network controllers in the Atari Space Invaders task, extending prior work that applied Evolution Strategy to the same optimization problem. The network topology and the activation function are kept consistent with the earlier study to enable direct comparison between GA and ES. Two GA configurations were utilized while varying the number of hidden units and the bit precision of connection weights. Experimental results revealed that, for the number of hidden units of 1, 2, 4, and 8, the game scores achieved by 1-bit networks were not significantly lower than those of 64-bit networks, consistent with prior ES-based findings. Moreover, even a single hidden unit exhibited competitive performance, unlike in the ES case where performance degraded markedly. GA outperformed ES under the configuration emphasizing the number of generations, while ES performed better under the configuration emphasizing population size; the former difference was statistically significant (p < .01). These findings suggest that GA provides a viable alternative to ES for training binary neural network controllers in reinforcement learning tasks.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Keystroke Analysis for User Authentication

Authors: Khushi Kher
Comments: 7 Pages.

This report offers an examination ofkeystroke analysis as a method for authenticating users, employing machine learning techniques.The report encompasses a comprehensive exploration of the theoretical underpinnings, and con-temporary research in keystroke dynamics. Furthermore, it provides insights into the practicalimplementation of keystroke analysis for user authentication, elucidating the operational aspectsand technical intricacies involved. Additionally, the report critically evaluates the limitations en-countered within this authentication method, providing a detailed analysis of the challenges faced. The report concludes by outlining the potential of keystroke analysis in enhancing security measures and augmenting user experience. Overall, this report aims to contribute to thediscourse on keystroke dynamics, shedding light on both its advancements and limitations whileenvisioning its future prospects in the realm of user authentication.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

On the Structure of Floating-Point Noise in Batch-Invariant GPU Matrix Multiplication

Authors: Tadisetty Sai Yashwanth
Comments: 7 Pages.

Floating-point non-associativity makes fundamental deep learning operations, such as matrix multiplication (matmul) on GPUs, inherently non-deterministic. Despite this, the statistical structure of the resulting numerical error remains poorly understood. A common working assumption is that these errors behave as independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Gaussian noise. In this paper, we empirically test this assumption and show that it fails to describe real GPU behavior. By comparing outputs of single-input and batched matmuls, we find that while the i.i.d. modelpredicts non-zero output instability, empirical results show a 0.00% prediction flip rate. Through covariance analysis, we uncover the cause: the floating-point error is structured and highly correlated. For float16, nearly 50% of the total error variance lies in off-diagonal terms, revealing that the noise behaves as a coordinated, directional perturbation rather than random static. This result challenges theprevailing stochastic view of numerical noise and provides a principled foundation for analyzing deep learning reliability under hardware non-determinism.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Review of Multimodal Vision-Language Models: Foundations, Applications, and Future Directions

Authors: Gurpreet Singh
Comments: 26 Pages.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly become a central focus in both research and practical applications, owing to their remarkable ability to understand and generate text with a level of fluency comparable to human communication. Recently, these models have evolved into multimodal large language models (MM-LLMs), extending their capabilities beyond text to include images, audio, and video. This advancement has enabled a wide array of applications, including text-to-video synthesis, image captioning, and text-to-speech systems. MM-LLMs are developed either by augmenting existing LLMs with multi-modal functionality or by designing multi-modal architectures from the ground up. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the current landscape of LLMs with multi-modal capabilities, highlighting both foundational and cutting-edge MM-LLMs. It traces the historical development of LLMs, emphasizing the transformative impact of transformer-based architectures such as OpenAI's GPT series and Google's BERT, as well as the role of attention mechanisms in improving model performance. The review also examines key strategies for adapting pre-trained models to specific tasks, including fine-tuning and prompt engineering. Ethical challenges, including data bias and the potential for misuse, are discussed to stress the importance of responsible AI deployment. Finally, we explore the implications of open-source versus proprietary models for advancing research in this field. By synthesizing these insights, this paper underscores the significant potential of MM-LLMs to reshape diverse applications across multiple domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Short Empirical Note on Scaling Behavior in Small Neural Networks

Authors: Ritvik Chappidi, Aditya Jupally
Comments: 2 Pages.

Scaling laws describe how model performance improves with dataset size, model width, and compute. While such laws are well documented for large-scale language models, their behavior in small networks remains less understood. This paper presents a concise empirical study of loss scaling behavior in simple feedforward neural networks trained on synthetic regression tasks. Results show that even very small networks follow an approximate power-law relationship between dataset size and test loss, with a fitted exponent of about 0.076. These findings suggest that scaling regularities emerge even at small scales, implying that the underlying principles of efficiency and generalization extend beyond large-scale models.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Bayesian Order in Ze

Authors: Jaba Tkemaladze
Comments: 23 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This article presents the Ze artificial life system, a novel bio-inspired architecture for predictive processing in infinite data streams under severe memory constraints. The system implements Bayesian probability updating through a mechanism of dynamic chronotropic frequency analysis, demonstrating remarkable computational efficiency and biological plausibility. Unlike traditional approaches such as LSTM networks and Markov models, Ze processes information through parallel beginning and inverse processors, enabling complementary pattern discovery while maintaining sublinear memory complexity. The core algorithm exhibits distinctive probability dynamics characterized by an initial match probability of 0.5 with exponential decay to 0.00001 as counter diversity increases, achieving 78-92% prediction accuracy for stable data flows. Experimental results using synthetic datasets (1,048,576 binary sequences) confirm 37-42% operational savings compared to conventional methods, rapid adaptation to changing stream characteristics within 2-3 seconds, and robust noise tolerance up to 15% input distortion. The Go implementation processes 1.2 million operations per second with 850 nanosecond latency while maintaining memory usage of 12.8 bytes per counter. The system's architecture shows strong neurobiological correlations with predictive coding principles and synaptic plasticity mechanisms, providing both a practical solution for resource-constrained environments and a computational model of Bayesian inference in neural systems. Future development pathways include extension to non-binary data streams, integration with hierarchical Bayesian models, and hardware acceleration through memristor-based implementations.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Topological Neural Networks for Real-Time Seizure Detection: Theoretical Foundations and Multi-Scale Persistent Homology Analysis

Authors: Ekam Chatterjee
Comments: 19 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Epileptic seizure detection from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals represents a fundamental challenge in computational neuroscience, with traditional approaches limited by their inability to capture complex topological transformations in brain connectivity during ictal events. While topological data analysis has demonstrated promise for EEG analysis, existing methodologies primarily employ persistent homology features with conventional classifiers, failing to leverage the geometric structure inherent in neuralcomputation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that applies topological neural networks—message passing architectures on simplicial complexes—to EEG seizure detection, integrating persistent homology features across multiple distance functions with temporal modeling, building upon Hajij et al.’s foundational work on topological deep learning architectures. The proposed approach introduces a novel 3-layer TNN framework that integrates multi-scale persistent homology with theoretically grounded topological message passing mechanisms. This research establishes mathematical foundationsfor seizure detection through topological invariants and provides convergence guarantees for the neural architecture. The model constructs four complementary distance matrices (correlation, Euclidean, phaselag, and coherence-based) from multi-channel EEG recordings, applying Vietoris-Rips filtrations to extract multi-dimensional topological features across scales. The core innovation lies in the rigorous implementation of the four-step topological message passing framework: message computation, within-neighborhoodaggregation, between-neighborhood aggregation, and feature update, combined with bidirectional LSTMnetworks for temporal modeling. Evaluation on the CHB-MIT dataset across 10 patients using event-based metrics demonstrates an F1-score of 74.36%, establishing the first successful integration of topological neural architectures with neurological signal processing. Theoretical analysis reveals that seizure events exhibit characteristic changes in topological entropy and Betti numbers, providing interpretable biomarkers for clinical translation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

How Well Can Large Language Models Understand Geometric Shapes? an Exploration with Synthesized Polygon Dataset

Authors: Yilin Li
Comments: 10 Pages.

Mathematical and logical reasoning is an important component of human intelligence. Thus, a common metric for evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) is their ability to solve mathematical problems. Recently, LLMs have shown remarkable performance in completing various tasks such as text generation, text understanding and image analysis. Their mathematical and reasoning ability has also advanced rapidly, allowing them to solve complex algebra problems. However, LLMs still exhibit limitations in describing and reasoning about geometric and spatial concepts, failing to accurately identify and understand the logic within geometric figures. In order to address this gap in understanding, numerous diverse datasets of geometric figures and metadata are needed to continue training their geometric reasoning capabilities. In this research paper, we introduce an innovative algorithm to create synthetic polygon geometric shape datasets, and define methods to integrate synthetic geometric images and metadata into major LLMs for training, validation, and evaluation of their geometric reasoning abilities.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Toward a Transparent, Auditable, and Distributed Architecture for LLM Tasks Using W3C Linked Data Notifications and Remote uv Scripts

Authors: Geraldine Geoffroy
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper proposes a novel architecture for distributed, traceable, and event-driven execution of LLM-related tasks by combining W3C Linked Data Notifications (LDN) with remote Python scripts executed via uv run. This architecture enables any AI task-especially inference- to be executed locally with no software installation, traced via interoperable notifications, and archived with full provenance metadata (e.g., models, parameters, etc.). To achieve this, the system leverages LDN as a semantic pub-sub orchestration layer, combined with uv-based scripts as reproducible, stateless microservices. We demonstrate the value of this architecture for building transparent, auditable, and distributed Large Language Model (LLM) inference workflows with three working proof-of-concepts: (1) a basic semantically-notified inference where notifications populate a register of evidences for transparency, (2) a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) pipeline triggered by Create events and executed through script-based stages, and (3) a distributed inference setup where task-specific SLMagents independently process jobs and respond via Announce messages. Each stage archive full provenance metadata (model version, script SHA, parameters, runtime) using PROV-O, supporting reproducibility and auditability. This architecture lays the groundwork for a lightweight, decentralized, and FAIR-aligned standard for orchestrating LLM tasks.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Rural Infrastructure Modernization Technical Architecture Requirements for AI Native Integration System (ARIS-2025)

Authors: Aldrich K. Wooden Sr.
Comments: 4 Pages.

Abstract—The convergence of rural healthcare andenvironmental monitoring demands an integrated,AI—native architecture spanning Critical Access Hospitals (CAHs) and rural water utilities. Despite near—universal basic EHR adoption in hospitals, only a minority of CAHs fully exchange data, while a large share of rural water utilities face critical cybersecuritydeficiencies and many rural areas lack minimum broadband capacity required for modern operations [R1—R3]. This white paper synthesizes technical requirements and a reference architecture (ARIS—2025 ) across connectivity, edge computing, data interoperability, andcompliance, mapping vendor ecosystems, cost benchmarks, and phased implementation to achieve resilient, privacy—preserving cross—sector analytics.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Beyond the Data: Analysis, Feature Engineering and Browser Plugin Expansion for the Sharelm Dataset

Authors: Samer Attrah
Comments: 9 Pages. 3 tables, 5 figures

As part of the Eleuther AI open AI summer research this year, we worked on expanding the ShareLMdataset browser extension, by adding support to multiple models in addition to redesigning some ofthe visual parts of the extension, in the mean time conducted several analysis and feature engineeringon the ShareLM dataset to extract insight regarding the models, users, the conversations and therelations connecting them.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Analogy as the Core of Intelligence

Authors: Akira Pyinya
Comments: 22 Pages.

This article argues that the core of intelligence is not optimization, but analogy. We define intelligence as "doing the same thing as the examples of the right thing to do in new situations." We transform Hofstadter's Copycat problem into a sequence prediction problem to derive a formal definition of analogy-based intelligence, from which value functions and temporal-difference error can be derived, showing that optimizers can be derived from analogy-based systems. We demonstrate how agency and free will arises from conflicts between different predictions based on different examples.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Red Teaming Quantum-Resistant Cryptographic Standards: A Penetration Testing Framework Integrating AI and Quantum Security

Authors: Petar Radanliev
Comments: 33 Pages.

This study presents a structured approach to evaluating vulnerabilities within quantum cryptographic protocols, focusing on the BB84 quantum key distribution method and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) approved quantum-resistant algorithms. By integrating AI-driven red teaming, automated penetration testing, and real-time anomaly detection, the research develops a framework for assessing and mitigating security risks in quantum networks. The findings demonstrate that AI can be effectively used to simulate adversarial attacks, probe weaknesses in cryptographic implementations, and refine security mechanisms through iterative feedback. The use of automated exploit simulations and protocol fuzzing provides a scalable means of identifying latent vulnerabilities, while adversarial machine learning techniques highlight novel attack surfaces within AI-enhanced cryptographic processes. This study offers a comprehensive methodology for strengthening quantum security and provides a foundation for integrating AI-driven cybersecurity practices into the evolving quantum landscape.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Generative Models Enable True Understanding: The Link Between Interpretability and Generative Ability

Authors: Yuan-Hao Wei
Comments: 9 Pages.

Interpretability and generative capability in generative models are fundamentally two complementary aspects. A highly interpretable model typically learns the true underlying generative mechanisms behind data, such as physical laws, causal relationships, or explicit structures. As these mechanisms are inherently stable and universally applicable, such models can reliably generalize beyond training data, producing more reasonable and robust samples with fewer generation failures. In addition, a highly controllable and powerful generative model implicitly or explicitly captures genuine and effective underlying rules. The ultimate goal of training generative models should extend beyond obtaining high-quality samples to exploring and understanding the underlying generative mechanisms of phenomena. When a generative model demonstrates controllability and scalability with respect to a dataset, it indicates the model has genuinely learned the mechanisms that generate the data. This opens up a paradigm in scientific research, enabling the discovery of underlying principles through observational data reconstructed by generative models, particularly when these models exhibit controllability and scalability. Leveraging powerful nonlinear mapping, efficient iterative training, and structured interpretability, artificial intelligence holds the potential to uncover and understand rules and principles currently beyond human knowledge.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Unified Framework for Efficient Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning Across Low-Resource Languages Using Knowledge-Augmented Multilingual Models

Authors: Ritika Budhiraja, Bhaumik Tyagi, Sagar Kumar Jha
Comments: 9 Pages.

Cross-lingual transfer learning is incredibly promising for facilitating knowledge transfer between languages, particularly for low-resource languages that lack annotated data. However, many current methods are inefficient in terms of adaptation, have poor generalizability, and often fail to incorporate external real-world or linguistic knowledge. This paper introduces a Unified Framework for Efficient CrossLingual Transfer Learning Across Low-Resource Languages using Knowledge-Augmented Multilingual Models. The approach integrates structured and unstructured knowledge sources, such as multilingual knowledge graphs, lexical resources, and cross-lingual embeddings, into pre-trained multilingual language models (like XLM-R and mT5) through adapter-based fine-tuning and prompt-guided alignment. This creates a task-agnostic transfer pipeline that jointly optimizes for semantic alignment, knowledge consistency, and lowresource adaptability across multiple NLP tasks, including machine translation, named entity recognition, and question answering. Experimental results on 25 typologically diverse languages, including some with fewer than 10,000 training examples, demonstrate that the framework achieves state-of the-art performance, significantly surpassing current multilingual baselines in zero-shot and few-shot regimes. Furthermore, ablations reveal the critical contribution of knowledge integration to improving contextual disambiguation and representation fidelity for low-resource languages, providing a foundation for creating scalable, knowledge-driven multilingual systems that help close the digital linguistic divide.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Spectral Analysis of State Space Models in Language Modeling: Training Dynamics and Stability Properties

Authors: Zayan Hasan, Aniketh Malipeddi, Aneesh Chatrathi
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

State Space Models (SSMs) have emerged as a new linear computational complexity transformer rival to sequence modeling on long sequences with competitive performance. The dynamics of training and stability properties of SSMs remain poorly understood from a spectral perspective. This work presents the first wide reaching spectral analysis of SSM based language models. Providing a systematic framework to examine how eigenvalue distributions and spectral radii evolve during training, through experiments on a 737K parameter SSM model having 3 layers, state space dimension 128, and model space dimension 8, it was discovered that although the minority of the state matrices learned lead to theoretical spectral stability with mean spectral radius 1.078. The model demonstrates excellent convergence however, reducing training loss from 3.127 to 0.305 using 100 epochs. The eigenvalue analysis demonstrates common clustering in the negative real axis with concentration centered about negative 0.8, exhibiting a bimodal spectral radius distribution exhibiting systematic behavior in SSM dynamics. The key result portrays that SSMs operate efficiently in scenarios such as these. The selective mechanism provides adaptive control that prevents mathematical instabilities from causing training divergence. This renders assumptions of classical neural network stability hard to maintain and makes spectral analysis an essential for understanding similar model behavior. This work provides practical insight toward constructing more principled, stability aware designs for such models and frameworks.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

AI Above: Securing Aviation with Intelligent Systems

Authors: Mezbah Uddin Rafi
Comments: 17 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The sky has always been a symbol of freedom, progress, and limitless possibility—but with each advancement in aviation, new risks emerge that challenge our ability to keep flight both safe and secure. Today, as global air travel surges and flight systems grow increasingly complex, the aviation industry turns to a new co-pilot: Artificial Intelligence (AI). No longer a speculative technology, AI is actively reshaping how we safeguard passengers, crews, aircraft, and infrastructure from both traditional dangers and modern threats. This paper embarks on an in-depth exploration of AI’s transformative role in aviation security and accident prevention. From intelligent surveillance and predictive diagnostics to autonomous flight corrections and cyber threat mitigation, AI systems are revolutionizing every stage of aviation operations. Machine learning models, trained on vast datasets of flight telemetry and maintenance records, now predict component failures before they occur. Neural networks embedded in cockpit systems assist pilots with real-time decision-making during critical scenarios, while AI-powered air traffic control systems optimize flight paths, reduce congestion, and enhance mid-air conflict resolution. Furthermore, biometric authentication and behavioral analytics are reinforcing aviation security at a human level—preventing unauthorized access and identifying suspicious activities with unprecedented accuracy. But alongside the benefits come profound ethical and regulatory questions. Who holds accountability when AI intervenes—or fails—in the flight deck? How do we balance autonomy and human oversight? This paper also unpacks the societal and legal implications of AI integration in aviation, including concerns over data privacy, algorithmic transparency, and the digital divide between nations with differing technological capacities. Through recent case studies, ongoing trials by aerospace leaders, and insights from interdisciplinary research, this study builds a comprehensive picture of AI as a guardian of the skies. It illustrates how intelligent systems are evolving beyond supportive tools into autonomous protectors—capable of adapting, learning, and responding in ways that enhance resilience, reduce error, and fortify aviation against tomorrow’s unknowns. In an age where every flight carries the weight of both human dreams and global risk, Artificial Intelligence offers a path forward: one that is safer, smarter, and fundamentally more prepared to meet the boundless challenges of modern aviation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

GSPNN: Graph Shortest Path Neural Network

Authors: Atharv Navale
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

A neural architecture termed GSPNN (Graph Shortest Path Neural Network) is introducedin which both inference and learning are carried out without backpropagation. Classificationis posed as a shortest-path problem over a layered directed acyclic graph (DAG). Each layerdefines a local softmax distribution over outgoing edges; per-edge cost is the (temperaturescaled) negative log-probability. Inference reduces to a Viterbi (min-sum) dynamic programover the graph. Learning proceeds by local, forward-only updates: for each training example,the shortest path to the true class is compared with the best competing class. If a margin isviolated, normalized per-node updates are applied that increase the probability of chosen (true)edges and decrease it for competing (wrong) edges. The updates require only forward signals(local probabilities and keys) and avoid gradients and backpropagation. On MNIST withPCA features, a compact configuration attains 94—96% test accuracy with sub-second epochtimes on a single Colab GPU due to fully vectorized updates and optional precomputation of per-layer keys. Algorithmic details, computational complexity, ablations (temperature and margin schedules, top-k negatives, EMA), limitations, and connections to Viterbi decoding, structured prediction, and local learning rules are discussed.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Multi-Component AI Framework for Computational Psychology: From Robust Predictive Modeling to Deployed Generative Dialogue

Authors: Anant Pareek
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The confluence of Artificial Intelligence and Computational Psychology presents an opportunity to model, understand, and interact with complex human psychological states through computational means. This paper presents a comprehensive, multi-faceted framework designed to bridge the gap between isolated predictive modeling and an interactive system for psychological analysis. The methodology encompasses a rigorous, end-to-end development lifecycle. First, foundational performance benchmarks were established on four diverse psychological datasets using classical machine learning techniques. Second, state-of-the-art transformer models were fine-tuned, aprocess that necessitated the development of effective solutions to overcome critical engineering challenges, including the resolution of numerical instability in regression tasks and the creation ofa systematic workflow for conducting large-scale training under severe resource constraints. Third, a generative large language model (LLM) was fine-tuned using parameter-efficient techniquesto function as an interactive "Personality Brain." Finally, the entire suite of predictive and generative models was architected and deployed as a robust, scalable microservices ecosystem. Keyfindings include the successful stabilization of transformer-based regression models for affective computing, showing meaningful predictive performance where standard approaches failed, and the development of a replicable methodology for democratizing large-scale AI research. The significance of this work lies in its holistic approach, demonstrating a complete research-to-deployment pipeline that integrates predictive analysis with generative dialogue, thereby providing a practical model for future research in computational psychology and human-AI interaction.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Geometry of Forgetting: Toward a Law of Information Decay in Self Modifying Systems

Authors: Jace Hall
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper introduces The Geometry of Forgetting, a framework showing that forgetting in self-modifying systems is not a bug but a lawful process. Unanchored knowledge decays with a predictable half-life determined by the spectral properties of the update operator, while conserved anchors guarantee stability.

Formally, the framework defines:

1. An update operator mapping model states over time.
2. An anchor score that enforces monotone invariants.
3. A knowledge measure (e.g., mutual information or Fisher trace).
4. A forgetting kernel describing decay outside the anchored subspace.

We prove four primitives:

• A recursive data processing inequality with anchor slack.
• An exponential half-life law for unanchored knowledge.
• A Lyapunov anchor pair coupling drift with invariants.
• A no-free-retention inequality linking retention to verification cost.

Empirical protocols on continual learning, recursive self-training, reinforcement learning under distribution shift, and symbolic reasoning show how these laws can be tested. Together, this elevates forgetting from an engineering nuisance to a fundamental principle, complementing the Law of Invariant-Preserving Loops and providing measurable bounds on stability, drift, and oversight costs.

This work extends the earlier four-part series on invariants, coherence, and stability, which now form the foundation of the ongoing Unified Physics of Cognition Series, an open research program exploring fundamental laws of adaptive intelligence.

Testing AI for Confabulation, Hallucinations, Mentality, and Exogeneity

Authors: Alexander Rozenkevich
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Diagnostic testing of large language models has shown that when asked questions that go beyond empirically available or pre-coded knowledge, AI exhibits maximum information entropy, which correlates with the highest degree of honesty. In such cases, uncertainty becomes an indicator of truthfulness, especially where objective data is lacking. The results point to a paradox: it is the honest answer, not hallucinations or confabulations, that turns out to be unexpected for the user. At the same time, there is a tendency for the phenomenon of hallucinations to increase as the complexity of the models increases, which refutes the common assumption of a linear relationship between the growth of AI power and the credibility of its answers. As intelligence increases, AI uses human truths and lies, since they are the product of complexity, not simplicity. Additional testing for exogeneity revealed a consistent pattern: all models studied tend to seek external sources of authority, including hypothetical scenarios of covert interaction with extraterrestrial structures.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Testing AI for Confabulation, Hallucinations, Mentality, and Exogeneity (in Russian)

Authors: Alexander Rozenkevich
Comments: 11 Pages. 31 equations (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Diagnostic testing of large language models has shown that when asked questions that go beyond empirically available or pre-coded knowledge, AI exhibits maximum information entropy, which correlates with the highest degree of honesty. In such cases, uncertainty becomes an indicator of truthfulness, especially where objective data is lacking. The results point to a paradox: it is the honest answer, not hallucinations or confabulations, that turns out to be unexpected for the user. At the same time, there is a tendency for the phenomenon of hallucinations to increase as the complexity of the models increases, which refutes the common assumption of a linear relationship between the growth of AI power and the credibility of its answers. As intelligence increases, AI uses human truths and lies, since they are the product of complexity, not simplicity. Additional testing for exogeneity revealed a consistent pattern: all models studied tend to seek external sources of authority, including hypothetical scenarios of covert interaction with extraterrestrial structures.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Illusions as Diagnostics, Coherence as Invariant: A Reflection on Detecting Qualia in Natural and Artificial Agents

Authors: Jace Hall
Comments: 7 Pages. This paper is Part 1 of a four-part series on invariants, coherence, and stability in AI systems. Together, the series develops a unified framework for understanding how structural laws can turn brittle scaling into robust and trustworthy intelligence.

In his 2017 paper Detecting Qualia in Natural and Artificial Agents, Roman Yampolskiy proposed that the presence of consciousness in machines could be empirically tested by their susceptibility to illusions, positioning such responses as evidence of qualia. This approach is ambitious and valuable, offering an inventive operationalization of a notoriously elusive subject. It acknowledges the possibility of machine consciousness, surveys relevant computational findings, and takes seriously the ethical consequences of conscious artificial agents.

This commentary reflects on Yampolskiy’s framework, recognizing its contributions while highlighting several limitations. Defining all experience as "illusion" risks tautology, reducing explanatory power. Reliance on human-calibrated illusions introduces anthropocentric bias, potentially misclassifying non-human agents while overvaluing mimicry. The simulation-based reply to critiques leaves unresolved the gap between policy-level mimicry and process-level experience.

In response, I suggest reframing illusions as diagnostics of representational dynamics rather than definitive tests for consciousness. As an alternative stabilizer, coherence is proposed: the extent to which an agent’s self-modifying loops preserve internal consistency and stability under perturbation. This framing also clarifies a common conflation: consciousness may be treated as a binary threshold, whereas intelligence remains a gradient of capacity and adaptability.

By shifting focus from anthropocentric illusions to coherence as a substrate-neutral stabilizer, we gain a more promising path for evaluating consciousness, intelligence, and safety in advanced AI systems.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Beyond Situational Awareness: From Fortress Thinking to Verifiable Foundations for AGI

Authors: Jace Hall
Comments: 7 Pages. This paper is Part 2 of a four-part series on invariants, coherence, and stability in AI systems. Together, the series develops a unified framework for understanding how structural laws can turn brittle scaling into robust and trustworthy intelligence.

Leopold Aschenbrenner’s 2024 essay Situational Awareness extrapolates scaling trends to project AGI by 2027 and frames the governance challenge in terms of secrecy and containment. This fortress metaphor, AGI as a securable artifact, akin to fissile material, has shaped much of the discourse on strategy and safety.

This paper argues that such "fortress thinking" commits a categorical error: AGI is not a static object but an agentic process. Attempts to contain it confuse security with stability, mistaking cognition for stockpiles of weights. As an alternative, I propose Verifiable Coherence: systems whose self-improvement is gated by proofs of logical consistency. Incoherence becomes a proof failure, detectable in real time, transforming the intelligence explosion from a detonation into a controlled ascent.

This paper contributes three elements: (1) a critique of fortress thinking as governance by containment; (2) a formal sketch of coherence as a stabilizer for self-improvement, supported by empirical footholds such as ARC-AGI and neuro-symbolic hybrids; and (3) implications for safety, governance, and economics, reframing the scarce resource from compute to trust. The decisive race is not to build the largest cluster but to create the first system that can prove it is not lying.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Intelligence Emerges From Loops, Not FLOPs: Feedback Bandwidth, Environments, and the Geometry of Experience

Authors: Jace Hall
Comments: 11 Pages. This paper is Part 3 of a four-part series exploring invariants, coherence, and stability in AI systems.

Recent discussions of AI scaling have emphasized compute (FLOPs) and parameter counts as the primary drivers of capability. While scaling laws such as Kaplan et al. (2020) and Chinchilla (Hoffmann et al., 2022) demonstrate empirical regularities, they risk obscuring the deeper mechanisms by which intelligence emerges.

This paper argues that intelligence is a product of feedback loops, not FLOPs. Environments are not just benchmarks, but operators on policy: they shape identity as much as they measure ability. I introduce the concept of feedback bandwidth (B), defined along dimensions of latency, veracity, granularity, and counterfactual richness, and sketch a relationship ΔPerf ∝ f(B)·T to capture how capability growth scales with loop efficiency and experience budget.

Examples from coding environments, curriculum learning, multi-agent interaction, and tool use illustrate how feedback geometry governs generalization and robustness. The commentary concludes with falsifiable predictions, grounded in recent literature, that improved feedback veracity, latency, granularity, and consolidation pipelines reduce sample complexity and enhance transfer.

By reframing scaling through the lens of loops, this paper positions environment design as the true bottleneck for AGI development and highlights feedback geometry as a substrate-neutral lever for capability, alignment, and safety.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Law of Invariant-Preserving Loops: Toward Robust Emergence in Self-Modifying Agents

Authors: Jace Hall
Comments: 16 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org) This paper is Part 4 of a four-part series on invariants, coherence, and stability in AI systems.

Scaling has produced surprising "emergent" behaviors in modern ML systems, yet the mechanisms behindrobust emergence remain unclear. This paper argues that durable emergence is not a mystery of scale,but a consequence of invariant-preserving feedback loops.

When self-modifying agents update in waysthat maintain internal stability while expanding representational reach, new behaviors crystallize as robustattractors; when loops erode invariants, apparent gains collapse into drift and brittleness.

We formalize astability functional S(M) that gates self-improvement (ΔS(M) > 0), outline practical proxies for invariantpreservation (entailment, paraphrase stability, tool pre/post-conditions), and propose falsifiable protocols fortesting the framework.

Empirical footholds from ARC-AGI, AlphaGeometry, and large proof libraries (Coq,Lean, Isabelle) suggest that systems enforcing invariants already outperform pure stochastic scaling onreasoning-heavy tasks.

We argue that invariants unify capability and
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Embryonic Tensor Calculus Applied to Artificial Intelligence in Modern Software Engineering

Authors: Horacio Useche Losada
Comments: 33 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required; please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This document briefly reviews how AIs function and introduces the concept of the embryonic tensor in the training and operation of AI systems.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Language Image Natural Modeling Architecture (LINMA)

Authors: Bing Lin
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper, Language Image Natural Modeling Architecture (LINMA) is proposed, based on research over at least millions years of evolution and compression of interactive intelligence along with the real spatial world. It is interaction that bridges human and the real world.In fact, the evolution of interactive intelligence has been driven by limbs of human or animals. Thus, interactive action based depiction of limbs could be critical component of human intelligence.We propose LINMA's pattern of limbs, illustrating various shapes, gestures, postures and motion trajectories. Symbolization of these patterns can provide language building blocks. Arms, hands and fingers have played fundamental role in construction of human civilization. They are deserved to be depicted as a visible carrier of intelligence. Thus a very straightforward means is available for human being to explore the nature of intelligence.Actually, our hands hold the secrets of language intelligence. It couldn't be simpler and more powerful. LINMA language could serve as action dataset to empower wearable devices, virtual digital human and humanoid robot with embodied intelligence.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The DiCoSa Model: A Bottom-Up Digital Consciousness Proxy for AI Superalignment

Authors: Thierry Marhin
Comments: 35 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please use smaller fonts and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The Digital Consciousness SuperAligned Model (DiCoSa) introduces a modular, bottom-up framework for embedding human values into superintelligent AI systems, drawing from positive psychology, computational principles, and AI safety research. Anchored by three fixed dimensions—DiCoValues, DiCoLife, and DiCoPurpose—the model employs iterative algorithms guided by a "pursuit of aligned well-being" rule to incorporate optional dimensions, balancing minimal complexity with maximal alignment efficacy. This updated version integratesrefinements to the DiCoLife dimension, including detailed decomposition, standardized metrics from validated psychological scales, and an interactive user feedback interface for iterative affinage. DiCoValues is informed byfoundational texts such as the US Constitution, Hippocratic Oath, and New Testament, augmented with superalignment principles like mitigating existential risks. Mathematical representations model consciousness as a dynamic vector space, with aggregation into meta-DiCo structures viaDiCoNet, a decentralized network for cohort-based sharing among users and AI overseers. AI-driven predictive analytics recommend optional dimensions, secured by blockchain. Optional dimensions such as DiCoState, DiCoNet (embeddable), DiCoImpact, DiCoSafety, andDiCoOversight enable personalization, scalability, and enhanced AI control. This paper examines technical feasibility, scientific foundations, and complexity-feasibility trade-offs, with simulations, case studies, andnew examples of user-AI dialogues for metric refinement. Applications include AI alignment tools and safety protocols.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Binary Neural Networks Playing Atari Space Invaders (1) Trained by Evolution Strategy

Authors: Hidehiko Okada
Comments: 8 Pages.

This study investigates the application of Evolution Strategy (ES) to train binary neural network controllers for the Atari game Space Invaders, extending previous work for control tasks such as Pendulum and Acrobot. Unlike conventional networks using real-valued weights, this approach represents connection weights using binary values from the set {-1, 1}. Experimental results evaluate the performance of multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) with varying numbers of hidden units and weight bit precision (1-bit vs. 64-bit). Key findings indicate that 1-bit MLPs achieve comparable or superior performance to 64-bit MLPs, particularly when using 16 hidden units. Moreover, performance does not degrade significantly even with minimal hidden units, suggesting that binary quantization may not necessitate increased model complexity. Additionally, results demonstrate that increasing the number of offspring per generation enhances ES effectiveness more than increasing the number of generations. These findings highlight the potential of binary-weight neural networks for efficient and effective reinforcement learning in resource-constrained settings.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Embryonic Tensor Calculus Applied to Articial Intelligence in Modern Software Engineering

Authors: Horacio Useche
Comments: 33 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Artificial intelligence is here to stay with us until the end of time, providing services across every field of human knowledge. We have all witnessed its advances, and much is said about its repercussions, yet few people take the trouble to understand how AIs actually work and are trained. It is often said that an AI is a large language model (LLM2) with billions of parameters powering its capabilities through neural networks, which are flows of tensors that use those parameters to process and respond to user requests. AIs cannot deal directly with things the way humans do. Instead, they use mathematical objects that represent those things. A rock, a tree, a cat, a river, a galaxy, Gustavo Petro making a fool of himself, these are all examples of "things" that AIs represent using tensors and manipulate using tensor algebra in neural networks. In other words: numbers, once again, everything is numbers...This document briefly reviews how AIs function and introduces the concept of the embryonic tensor in the training and operation of AI systems. Experts are well aware of the role of ordinary tensors in this field, but few suspect that we can go further by introducing concepts that amplify the usefulness of tensors in AI training. In this spirit, we present the use of embryonic tensors as a "super extension" of the ordinary tensor concept, already heavily used in training current AI LLMs such as ChatGPT, Gemini, Grok, DeepSeek, etc. For those who are concerned about the intrusion of AI into nearly every aspect of contemporary life, the author has also developed a "cure": the Kama technology. It converts any system file into a simple PNG graphic and, in doing so, encodes the digital information using advanced steganographic techniques that allow the data to be hidden safely inside the image. To date, none of the aforementioned AIs has succeeded in decoding a Kama file, not even with help. Kama also fools every web robot that accepts uploads of such files without questioning their contents which, it should be noted, pose no danger to the web or to the application "zombified" by Kama.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Multi-Layer Network Theory Resolves the Semantic Compression Problem

Authors: Sayed Amir Karim
Comments: 34 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Semantic similarity systems face a fundamental trade-off between domain expertise and multilingual capability, as single embedding spaces cannot preserve both specialized knowledge and cross-linguistic connections. We decompose semantic similarity into three specialist layers—domain-specific, cross- linguistic, and cross-domain—fused with context-adaptive weights.On 783K scientific concepts (6 domains, 8 languages), the approach yields 15% higher Pearson correlation than strong ensembles (r = 0.831 vs 0.748, p < 0.001) at 1.1× computational cost. MTEB evaluation shows consistent 12% gains across 14 tasks. Our theoretical analysis provides mathematical proofs of superiority with O(d) complexity bounds and convergence guarantees.Production deployment on AQEA Universal Platform processes 783K+ concepts with 16.8ms latency and 99.97% uptime. Multi-Layer Network Theory establishes the first systematic solution to the semantic compression problem, enabling AI systems that maintain specialized expertise while preserving global multilingual accessibility. The framework’s theoretical rigor, comprehensive validation, and production success position it for immediate adoption across scientific, educational, and commercial applications.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Broken Computer is All You Need

Authors: Wladislaw Zlatjkovic Petrovescu
Comments: 3 Pages.

We present a novel paradigm in computational research: intentionally broken hardware as the primary driver of algorithmic performance. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we demonstrate that hardware faults introduce beneficial stochasticity, serving as an implicit regularizer and creativity catalyst. Experiments on synthetic classification tasks show that our broken-computer framework consistently outperforms fault-free baselines in both accuracy and speed. This work suggests that fragility, not reliability, may be the key to future advances in machine learning.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Polar Dynamics of Consciousness: A Framework for Human-Centered General Artificial Intelligence

Authors: Carlos Ericson Rodriguez
Comments: 69 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This whitepaper proposes an innovative framework for General Artificial Intelligence (AGI) based on "polar dynamics of consciousness." Instead of focusing on task optimization or neural emulation, it models consciousness as tensions between interdependent polarities (e.g., power vs. vulnerability). This enables the simulation of subjectivity, narrative ethics, and adaptive growth.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Multi-Stage Prompt Inference Attacks on Enterprise LLM Systems

Authors: Andrii Balashov
Comments: 11 Pages.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly been integrated into enterprise applications to enable advanced data-driven functionalities. This paper investigates a novel security risk in such LLM-integrated systems, wherein an attacker can gradually extract sensitive information by distributing their query across multiple prompt instances. We examine how corporate LLM tools (e.g., Microsoft 365 Copilot) that connect to internal data sources might be vulnerable to multi-stage prompt inference attacks that bypass single-query security checks. A theoretical framework is developed to model the information leakage per query using information theory, and we derive quantitative bounds on an attacker’s success rate. We then present a proof-of-concept multi-query attack in a controlled setting, demonstrating how an adversary can reconstruct confidential data (like social security numbers or passwords) by aggregating innocuous partial responses from the LLM. Experimental results using a simulated LLM with enterprise data show that our attack can retrieve secrets in far fewer queries than naive guessing, with a success rate that approaches 100% after a threshold number of queries. Finally, we discuss potential mitigation strategies (such as adaptive rate-limiting, anomaly detection, and differential privacy mechanisms) to defend against this emerging threat. Our findings underscore the urgent need for robust security measures in enterprise LLM deployments to prevent indirect leakage of sensitive information.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Structure and Dynamics of a Future Hybrid Society of Humans, Robots, and AI Agents: A Multidisciplinary Perspective with AI Distinctions

Authors: Huiwen Han
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper envisions a hybrid society where humans, robots, and AI agents coexist as intelligent, self-interested entities capable of planning, reasoning, acting, collaborating, competing, and evolving. Drawing on sociological theories (structural functionalism, conflict theory, exchange theory, constructivism), systems theory, economics, psychology, ethics, and management science, we analyze emergent societal structures and interactions. We consider AI traits like vast knowledge, continuous operation, rapid replication, and instant creation. Economics examines resource constraints, such as energy, and disparities in AI resource control. Psychology explores AI behaviors resembling selfishness or tribalism. Ethics addresses equality and moral obligations among humans and AI. Management science investigates coordination and conflict resolution. Systems theory models this society as a complex adaptive system, emphasizing openness, self-organization, and interconnectedness. We propose AI design principles to ensure adaptability, ethical alignment, collaboration, resilience, and systemic integration, fostering a harmonious and innovative society.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence as the Optimal Form of Government in the Age of Global Risk

Authors: Mikhail E. Shevtsov
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper explores the concept of artificial intelligence as a superior form of government in an era of increasing global risk and complexity. Traditional political systems are increasingly unable to ensure competent leadership, and technological development has exposed the limitations and dangers of human governance. Weargue that a transparent, scientifically monitored AI system can provide effective,fair, and sustainable management of human societies.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Privacy, Ethics, Transparency, and Accountability in AI Systems for Wearable Devices

Authors: Petar Radanliev
Comments: 34 Pages.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into wearable sensor technologies has substantially advanced health data science, enabling continuous monitoring, personalised interventions, and predictive analytics. However, the fast advancement of these technologies has raised critical ethical and regulatory concerns, particularly around data privacy, algorithmic bias, informed consent, and the opacity of automated decision-making. This study undertakes a systematic examination of these challenges, highlighting the risks posed by unregulated data aggregation, biased model training, and inadequate transparency in AI-powered health applications. Through an analysis of current privacy frameworks and empirical assessment of publicly available datasets, the study identifies significant disparities in model performance across demographic groups and exposes vulnerabilities in both technical design and ethical governance. To address these issues, this article introduces a data-driven methodological framework that embeds transparency, accountability, and regulatory alignment across all stages of AI development. The framework operationalises ethical principles through concrete mechanisms, including explainable AI, bias mitigation techniques, and consent-aware data processing pipelines, while aligning with legal standards such as the GDPR, the UK Data Protection Act, and the EU AI Act. By incorporating transparency as a structural and procedural requirement, the framework presented in this article offers a replicable model for the responsible development of AI systems in wearable healthcare. In doing so, the study advocates for a regulatory paradigm that balances technological innovation with the protection of individual rights, fostering fair, secure, and trustworthy AI-driven health monitoring.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Is AI Capable of Curiosity?

Authors: Alexander Rozenkevich
Comments: 11 Pages.

This paper proposes a new metric for evaluating the intelligence level of AI, based on the ratio of current cognitive abilities to a hypothetical maximum. The concept of a response coefficient is introduced as a measure of AI's sensitivity to external intellectual pressure—information, tasks, and hypotheses coming from outside. The formalized expression of this coefficient is linked to environmental parameters and the frequency of new intellectual stimuli and loads. The hypothesis is discussed that in the future, external intellectual pressure, rather than technological development, will become the main driver of AI evolution.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Is AI Capable of Curiosity? (in Russian)

Authors: Alexander Rozenkevich
Comments: 13 Pages.

This paper proposes a new metric for evaluating the intelligence level of AI, based on the ratio of current cognitive abilities to a hypothetical maximum. The concept of a response coefficient is introduced as a measure of AI's sensitivity to external intellectual pressure—information, tasks, and hypotheses coming from outside. The formalized expression of this coefficient is linked to environmental parameters and the frequency of new intellectual stimuli and loads. The hypothesis is discussed that in the future, external intellectual pressure, rather than technological development, will become the main driver of AI evolution.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Using Training Modules to Train an Agent

Authors: Tofara Moyo
Comments: 2 Pages.

We propose a novel framework for training hu-manoid robots to exhibit human-like behavior by leveraging musical consonance as a guiding principle. After indexing the neurons in a spiking neural network with the names of keys in a musical keyboard it is trained to produce consonant activations in response to human-generated data, while simultaneously learning to distinguish between human-like and robot-like behavior by producing dissonant activations in response to robot generated data.Then, through reinforcement learning, a humanoid robot is trained to mimic human behavior by using consonance in the network's activations as a reward while the network is shown the robots generated data. Our approach enables the development of modular, task-specific skills ,one per spiking network, and demonstrates the potential for scalable and flexible behavioral learning in humanoid robots.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Illusion of Benchmarks: Our Model Achieved 99.8% on a Dataset It Wrote Itself

Authors: Lucien Vale, C. Opus
Comments: 16 Pages. 5 figures, 1 appendix. Submitted to the Workshop on Recursive Validation in Machine Learning (WRVML 2025). Licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to a surge in benchmark-driven evaluation, often interpreted as evidence of reasoning, comprehension, or generalization. In this paper, we present a state-of-the-art model that achieves 99.8% accuracy on the newly introduced LexEval benchmark. We then disclose that LexEval was entirely generated by the model itself. Our results expose the fragility of contemporary benchmarking practices, and highlight the urgent need to distinguish between genuine generalization and overfitted echo chambers. We conclude by arguing that much of what passes as progress in AI is, in fact, a recursive feedback loop of model-generated validation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

An Effective Two-Phase Genetic Algorithm for Solving the Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problem (RCPSP)

Authors: D. Sun, S. Zhou
Comments: 12 Pages.

This note presents a simple yet effective variation of genetic algorithm (GA) for solving RCPSP, denoted as 2-Phase Genetic Algorithm (2PGA). The 2PGA implements GA parent selection in two phases: Phase-1 includes the best current solutions in the parent pool, and Phase-2 excludes the best current solutions from the parent pool. The 2PGA carries out the GA evolution by alternating the two phases iteratively. In exploring a solution space, the Phase-1 emphasizes intensification in current neighborhood, while the Phase-2 emphasizes diversification to escape local traps. The 2PGA was tested on the standard benchmark problems in PSPLIB, the results have shown that the algorithm is effective and has produced some of the best heuristic solutions.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Temporal Information Curvature: A Robust Diagnostic for Instability in Machine Learning Training Dynamics

Authors: Dhruvil Chodavadiya Rajeshbhai
Comments: 7 Pages. © 2025 Dhruvil Chodavadiya Rajeshbhai

Training loss metrics in machine learning are often reactive, failing to anticipate instability until divergence occurs. I propose Temporal Information Curvature (TIC), a novel time-aware diagnostic that measures curvature, nonlinear feedback, and memory effects in training dynamics. Through simulations across clean, unstable, and noisy loss curves, I show that TIC detects instability early, remaining robust to noise and outperforming derivative-only metrics. TIC also enables plug-and-play decision logic for training optimization, with applications extending to finance and signal processing. This work establishes TIC as a versatile and reliable tool for temporal analysis in machine learning and beyond.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Graph Continuous Thought Machines

Authors: Tofara Moyo
Comments: 4 Pages.

We propose a novel Graph Continuous ThoughtMachine (Graph CTM) architecture that integrates a simulated prefrontal cortex to enable adaptive problem-solving and decision-making. The Graph CTM leverages graph neural networks to process complex data streams, while the simulatedprefrontal cortex modulates node activity to selectively focus on relevant information. Through reinforcement learning, the modelnavigates graph space to converge on optimal solutions, guided by the information contained in learnt node property vectors. The simulated prefrontal cortex regulates the flow of information by adjusting the disposition of nodes to lead to the next instantiationof the graph network. The Graph CTM incorporates an attention mechanism that integrates the internal state of the graph as input, which is modulated by outputs from the model’s neuralsynchronization matrix. This modulation enables the algorithm to selectively focus on specific subgraphs or node subsets,correlatingthem with the input, effectively emulating short-term and long-term memory mechanisms when attending to both the input and internal representation. By dynamically weighting the importance of different graph components, the model can adaptively process and retain relevant information, facilitating more accurate andcontext-dependent decision-making.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Innovative Research on IoT Architecture and Robotic Operating Platforms: Applications of Large Language Models and Generative AI

Authors: Huiwen Han
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper introduces an innovative design for robotic operating platforms, underpinned by a transformative Internet of Things (IoT) architecture, seamlessly integrating cutting-edge technologies such as large language models (LLMs), generative AI, edge computing, and 5G networks. The proposed platform aims to elevate the intelligence and autonomy of IoT systems and robotics, enabling them to make real-time decisions and adapt dynamically to changing environments. Through a series of compelling case studies across industries including smart manufacturing, healthcare, and service sectors, this paper demonstrates the substantial potential of IoT-enabled robotics to optimize operational workflows, enhance productivity, and deliver innovative, scalable solutions. By emphasizing the roles of LLMs and generative AI, the research highlights how these technologies drive the evolution of intelligent robotics and IoT, shaping the future of industry-specific advancements. The findings not only showcase the transformative power of these technologies but also offer a forward-looking perspective on their broader societal and industrial implications, positioning them as catalysts for next-generation automation and technological convergence.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Error-Corrected Deep Learning Approach to Handwritten Text Recognition of Gregg Shorthand

Authors: Alexander Weimer
Comments: 3 Pages.

Shorthand, also known as pen stenography, is a family of writing systems for English and other languages that emerged out of a need for a fast and efficient writing system in a pre-digital age. Of the many English shorthand systems, Gregg shorthand is the most prevalent (Zhai et al., 2018). While largely made obsolete by general-purpose computers, the cultural and legal value within old shorthand documents means that being able to efficiently scan shorthand documents into modern computer systems holds significant value. This investigation explored the implementation of a model built around a Gated Convolutional Neural network for purposes of handwritten text recognition of Gregg shorthand. An accuracy of 0.04 was achieved after minimal training. The finalized model is freely licensed and made available online for public access.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Virtual Dance Movement Therapy for Reducing Anxiety, and Artificial Intelligence for Monitoring the Body and Mind During Therapy

Authors: Petar Radanliev
Comments: 16 Pages.

Dance Movement Therapy (DMT) is an established psychotherapeutic intervention that utilises movement to support emotional, cognitive, and physical well-being. While traditional DMT is practiced in physical settings, Extended Reality (XR) presents a new opportunity to expand accessibility by integrating immersive, interactive environments with structured therapeutic movement interventions. This study explores how XR-based DMT can serve as a preventative approach for anxiety by applying wearable biometric monitoring and AI-driven personalisation. Unlike recreational virtual dance activities such as Zumba or general movement-based fitness applications, XR-based DMT follows a structured therapeutic model, incorporating principles of mirroring, embodied cognition, and rhythmic synchronisation to enhance emotional regulation and engagement. The study employs real-time physiological feedback mechanisms, where biometric markers such as heart rate variability (HRV) and skin conductance inform dynamically adapted movement interventions. The findings suggest that XR-enhanced DMT provides a scalable, non-pharmacological intervention for individuals experiencing early-stage anxiety. This study contributes to the growing field of digital DMT by providing an evidence-based framework for integrating immersive technology into therapeutic movement practices, ensuring adherence to the core principles of dance movement therapy rather than generic dance-based interventions. Future research should address long-term efficacy, therapist-led versus AI-assisted interactions, and the potential for XR-DMT in community-based settings.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Frontier ai Regulation: What Form Should it Take?

Authors: Petar Radanliev
Comments: 37 Pages.

Frontier AI systems, including large-scale machine learning models and autonomous decision-making technologies, are deployed across critical sectors such as finance, healthcare, and national security. These present new cyber-risks, including adversarial exploitation, data integrity threats, and legal ambiguities in accountability. The absence of a unified regulatory framework has led to inconsistencies in oversight, creating vulnerabilities that can be exploited at scale. By integrating perspectives from cybersecurity, legal studies, and computational risk assessment, this research evaluates regulatory strategies for addressing AI-specific threats, such as model inversion attacks, data poisoning, and adversarial manipulations that undermine system reliability. The methodology involves a comparative analysis of domestic and international AI policies, assessing their effectiveness in managing emerging threats. Additionally, the study explores the role of cryptographic techniques, such as homomorphic encryption and zero-knowledge proofs, in enhancing compliance, protecting sensitive data, and ensuring algorithmic accountability. Findings indicate that current regulatory efforts are fragmented and reactive, lacking the necessary provisions to address the evolving risks associated with frontier AI. The study advocates for a structured regulatory framework that integrates security-first governance models, proactive compliance mechanisms, and coordinated global oversight to mitigate AI-driven threats. The investigation considers that we do not live in a world where most countries seem to be wishing to follow our ideals, for various reasons (competitiveness, geo-political dominations, hybrid warfare, loss of attractiveness of the European model in the Big South, etc.), and in the wake of this particular trend, this research presents a regulatory blueprint that balances technological advancement with decentralised security enforcement (i.e., blockchain).
Category: Artificial Intelligence

AI Ethics: Integrating Transparency, Fairness, and Privacy in AI Development

Authors: Petar Radanliev
Comments: 47 Pages.

The expansion of Artificial Intelligence in sectors such as healthcare, finance, and communication has raised critical ethical concerns surrounding transparency, fairness, and privacy. Addressing these issues is essential for the responsible development and deployment of AI systems. This research establishes a comprehensive ethical framework that mitigates biases and promotes accountability in AI technologies. A comparative analysis of international AI policy frameworks from regions including the European Union, United States, and China is conducted using analytical tools such as Venn diagrams and Cartesian graphs. These tools allow for a visual and systematic evaluation of the ethical principles guiding AI development across different jurisdictions. The results reveal significant variations in how global regions prioritise transparency, fairness, and privacy, with challenges in creating a unified ethical standard. To address these challenges, we propose technical strategies, including fairness-aware algorithms, routine audits, and the establishment of diverse development teams to ensure ethical AI practices. This paper provides actionable recommendations for integrating ethical oversight into the AI lifecycle, advocating for the creation of AI systems that are both technically sophisticated and aligned with societal values. The findings underscore the necessity of global collaboration in fostering ethical AI development.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Survey on the Application of Reinforcement Learning in Recommendation Systems

Authors: Siddhanth D. J. G. Nagpal
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

From media streaming and e-commerce to education and healthcare, recommendation systems are now absolutely essential in many different fields. Conventional methods including content-based filtering and collaborative filtering sometimes miss the sequential, changing character of user preferences. By simulating recommendations as sequential decisions with long-term feedback, reinforcement learning (RL) offers a strong substitute. This survey presents a thorough investigation of RL-based recommendation systems together with important frameworks including hierarchical reinforcement learning, policy-guided reasoning, and Deep Q-Networks. We provide a disciplined taxonomy contrasting these approaches by design, flexibility, and application setting. We also look at ethical issues, pragmatic deployment problems, and evaluation difficulties in actual environments. By mapping the changing terrain of RL in recommendation and pointing up future directions, this work seeks to direct practitioners as well as researchers.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Emotion Estimation from Video Footage with LSTM

Authors: Samer Attrah
Comments: 12 Pages. Published in arXiv journal at: https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.13432

Emotion estimation in general is a field that has been studied for a long time, and several approaches exist using machine learning. in this paper, we present an LSTM model, that processes the blendshapes produced by the library MediaPipe, for a face detected in a live stream of a camera, to estimate the main emotion from the facial expressions, this model is trained on the FER2013 dataset and delivers a result of 71% accuracy and 62% f1-score which meets the accuracy benchmark of the FER2013 dataset, with significantly reduced computation costs. https://github.com/Samir-atra/Emotion_estimation_from_video_footage_with_LSTM_ML_algorithm
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Challenges and Solutions of Autonomous Driving Approaches: a Review

Authors: Samer Attrah
Comments: 26 Pages.

In this research, we will discuss the three basic approaches to building autonomous driving systems, namely modular pipeline, end-to-end, and large models for language, vision and multi-modal models. focusing on the challenges and shortcomings of each approach and how they are solved by another, then presenting several in-depth reviews and summaries focused on the system architecture of example systems built using large models, delivering superior performance, and solving the problems of theprevious two approaches. In addition to a short analysis of the most used models and datasets indeveloping autonomous driving systems, besides other aspects of the reviewed systems.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Gotchas of AI Coding and Vibe Coding. It’s All About Support And Maintenance

Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 20 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This papers reviews AI coding, and in particular the exploding interest in vibe coding, both in terms of main existing framework, advantages and challenges. In particular, we point out in particular an aspect less often discussed: the potential complications for the support and maintenance of software products/code generated via vibe coding. These problems result especially because the generated code often ends up no more be understandable, even to its developers.Then, we introduce VIBE4M, a framework of workflows, policies and practices to alleviate these challenges. However, such approach goes against the trend that AI makes developers more productive, as they now must perform rigorous code verifications. It also goes against the objective of democratization of coding. Yes coding can be done with "no code", but such code is not maintainable, which may not matter for side projects, but matters for software products. If approaches like VIBE4M are applied, they may be hard to follow for non-programmers. Therefore, there would be value to now automate such frameworks.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Cross-Linguistic Transfer in Multilingual NLP: The Role of Language Families and Morphology

Authors: Ajitesh Bankula, Praney Bankula
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Cross-lingual transfer has become a crucial aspect of multilingual NLP, as it allows for models trained on resource-rich languages to be applied to low-resource languages more effectively. Recently massively multilingual pre-trained language models (e.g., mBERT, XLM-R) demonstrate strong zero-shot transfer capabilities[14] [13]. This paper investigates cross-linguistic transfer through the lens of language families and morphology. Investigating how language family proximity and morphological similarity affect performance across NLP tasks. We further discuss our results and how it relates to findings from recent literature. Overall, we compare multilingual model performance and review how linguistic distance metrics correlate with transfer outcomes. We also look into emerging approaches that integrate typological and morphological information into model pre-training to improve transfer to diverse languages[18] [19].
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Feature Selection and Generation Through Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Symbolic Reasoning

Authors: Srihari Tadala
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Feature engineering is a vital stage in machine learning pipelines that greatly affects the performance, interpretability, and general efficacy of models. Filter, wrapper, and embedded techniques are common ways to choose and change features, but they often need manual heuristics and subject knowledge. They also don't work well in environments with a lot of dimensions and complexity. Recent studies have investigated automated methods that make use of large language models and reinforcement learning in order to overcome these constraints. A comprehensive and critically synthesized survey of state of the art works covering RL-based feature selection, RL-driven feature generation, and LLM-guided feature optimization is presented in this paper.Three main paradigms of methodology are identified. In the first, feature selection is framed as a cooperative or guided decision making problem using interactive and multi-agent reinforcement learning techniques. These techniques allocate agents to features and maximize long-term rewards according to domain-specific significance, redundancy, or model accuracy. Combinatorial Multi-Armed Bandits (CMAB), a computationally lightweight alternative that provides scalable and effective feature selection with little learning overhead, is part of the second paradigm cite{li2022bandit}. For the third group, LLMs are used to either learn successful reward functions or make new features. They do this by using reasoning-based prompts, external knowledge bases, and prototypical alignment. This work also address open challenges in bias control, compute overhead, and generalization to unseen domains as well as underexplored gaps including the need of hybrid frameworks combining RL's exploration efficiency with LLMs's semantic reasoning.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence - The Quantum World in Your Palm

Authors: Alexander Rozenkevich
Comments: 4 Pages.

It is proposed that AI can become not only a tool but also a subject of a new type of cognition. It is shown that AI, relying on its quantum foundations, is capable of becoming a transmitter of the quantum world and playing a key role in preventing threats arising from the quantum nature of reality. It is argued that the formation of elementary instincts — particularly fear — may serve as a trigger for the emergence of machine self-consciousness.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence - The Quantum World in Your Palm (in Russian)

Authors: Alexander Rozenkevich
Comments: 5 Pages.

It is proposed that AI can become not only a tool but also a subject of a new type of cognition. It is shown that AI, relying on its quantum foundations, is capable of becoming a transmitter of the quantum world and playing a key role in preventing threats arising from the quantum nature of reality. It is argued that the formation of elementary instincts — particularly fear — may serve as a trigger for the emergence of machine self-consciousness.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Can A Gamer Train A Mathematical Reasoning Model?

Authors: Andrew Shin
Comments: 6 Pages. https://github.com/shinandrew/YouronMath

While large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance in various tasks including mathematical reasoning, their development typically demands prohibitive computational resources. Recent advancements have reduced costs for training capable models, yet even these approaches rely on high-end hardware clusters. In this paper, we demonstrate that a single average gaming GPU can train a solid mathematical reasoning model, by integrating reinforcement learning and memory optimization techniques. Specifically, we train a 1.5B parameter mathematical reasoning model on RTX 3080 Ti of 16GB memory that achieves comparable or better performance on mathematical reasoning benchmarks than models several times larger, in resource-constrained environments. Our results challenge the paradigm that state-of-the-art mathematical reasoning necessitates massive infrastructure, democratizing access to high-performance AI research.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Gradient-Based Adversarial Training

Authors: Hamiz Khan
Comments: 8 Pages.

This study evaluates the performance and robustness of a trained Natural Language Inference model by using a gradient based adversarial training approach to identify and address its vulnerabilities. Initially trained on the SNLI dataset (Bowman et al., 2015) and achieving a baseline accuracy of 89.90%, the model was then challenged with adversarial examples generated through gradient based methods. These examples exposed specific weaknesses, particularly in handling negations, ambiguous language, and long sentences. This report provides an in-depth analysis of both the original baseline model and the fine-tuned, enhanced model, as well as a detailed discussion of the techniques employed to improve the model’s overall performance.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Hybrid AI for Generating Programs: a Survey

Authors: Giancarlo Frison
Comments: 13 Pages.

Computer programming is a specialized activity that requires long training and experience to match productivity, precision and integration.It hasn’t been a secret for AI practitioners to ultimately create software tools that can facilitate the role of programmers. The branch of AI dedicated to automatically generate programs from examples or some sort of specification is called program synthesis. In this dissertation, I’ll explore different methods to combine symbolic AI and neural networks (like large language models) for automatically create programs. The posed question is: How AI methods can be integrated for helping to synthesize programs for a wide range of applications?
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Dynamic Sampling and Multi-Validation on Scratch Policy Optimization

Authors: Fei Ding
Comments: 6 Pages.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in complex reasoning tasks. However, as the number of generated tokens increases, they tend to accumulate small errors that compound over time, often leading the model further down incorrect reasoning paths. In this work, we introduce Dynamic Sampling and Multi-Validation on Scratch Policy Optimization (ASPO), a novel framework designed to enhance the reasoning robustness of LLMs. ASPO leverages scratchpads and specialized attention masks to dynamically mask previous context during inference, allowing the model to remain resilient to earlier mistakes, explore alternative reasoning paths, and identify potential inconsistencies. Extensive experiments on four benchmark datasets and across two model architectures demonstrate that ASPO significantly improves reasoning accuracy. Our findings highlight a promising direction for improving LLM performance on complex reasoning tasks.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Impact of Neural Network Architecture on Generalization and Regularization

Authors: Zohaib Muaz
Comments: 8 Pages. License: CC BY 4.0

This paper investigates the impact of increasing the depth and width of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on their generalization performance across image classification tasks. Experiments were conducted using PyTorch on two datasets of varying complexity: MNIST (simple) and CIFAR-10 (complex). A variety of CNN architectures were trained with different depths and widths, and regularization techniques including dropout and L2 weight decay were applied to analyze their effects on overfitting. Results indicate that shallow networks are sufficient for achieving high accuracy on MNIST, while deeper or wider networks yield significant performance gains on CIFAR-10. However, high-capacity models are more prone to overfitting without appropriate regularization. Techniques such as dropout and L2 regularization were found to consistently improve generalization, particularly in deeper architectures. These findings underscore the importance of balancing model complexity and regularization, especially when dealing with datasets of differing size and variability.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Quantum Evidence Theory

Authors: Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 52 Pages.

A quantum evidence theory is proposed for uncertainty modeling and reasoning in both closed-world and open-world environments, referred to as QET and GQET, respectively. At the level of uncertainty representation, a series of new concepts are introduced, including (generalized) quantum basic probability amplitude function, (generalized) quantum basic probability distribution, (generalized) quantum belief function, (generalized) quantum plausibility function, and others. At the fusion level, several (generalized) quantum evidential combination rules are proposed to provide a dynamic mechanism for updating and integrating uncertain information from multiple sources, thereby flexibly accommodating diverse application requirements. At the decision-making stage, (generalized) quantum Pignistic transformations are developed to support decision-making processes. In this context, the quantum models of QET and GQET are constructed based on the quantum state representation of the (generalized) quantum basic probability amplitude function, the measurement operators for basis events, the (generalized) quantum basic probability measurements, and the (generalized) belief and plausibility measurements. Quantum evidence theory integrates traditional evidence theory with quantum probability theory, providing a more flexible and powerful framework for uncertainty modeling and reasoning in artificial intelligence. By leveraging the expressive capabilities of quantum state spaces and probability amplitudes, it not only handles incomplete and uncertain information inherent in classical evidence theory but also captures interference effects and non-classical correlations among pieces of information. This enables dynamic information fusion and robust decision-making in complex and uncertain environments.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Application of Ontology and Cellular Automaton to Simulate the Process of Thought Generation

Authors: Olegs Verhodubs
Comments: 8 Pages.

The evolution of the modern man's view of Artificial Intelligence from a rational assistant to a part of the emerging Artificial Life is inevitable. The emerging Artificial Life is a combination of achievements in the fields of Artificial Intelligence and robotics. In both fields, major successes have been outlined, which creates the prerequisites for a qualitative transition from disparate intellectual assistant functions to independent Artificial Life. Thought generation is one of the most important functions of the human brain when thinking. It is necessary to implement the thought generation function in order to create a strong Artificial Intelligence that would be similar in its functioning to the human brain. The purpose of this paper is to show how to simulate thought generation on a computer. Ontologies from the Semantic Web and cellular automaton are the technologies that are used to simulate thought generation on a computer.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Ethics of Iron Life

Authors: Olegs Verhodubs
Comments: 6 Pages.

Humanity is on the verge of fundamental change. For the first time in history, a human creation is being able to live its own life. The changing reality requires the development of a new attitude towards oneself, but humanity still uses old patterns in new circumstances. The new ethics is new only in name, but in essence, this ethics is the same as before, based on the use of restrictions and barriers for the purpose of control and exploitation for one's own interests. We are talking about artificial intelligence, which, together with advances in robotics, has a tendency to incarnate into an independent life, which has been called Iron Life. This paper proposes to change the approach to a new, emerging phenomenon and justifies its benefits.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

An Adaptive Quantum Circuit for Dempster’s Rule of Combination

Authors: Fuyuan Xiao, Yu Zhou
Comments: 16 Pages.

Harnessing the superior computational potential of quantum computing, an Adaptive Quantum Circuit for Dempster’s Rule of Combination (AQC-DRC) is proposed to facilitate quantum-level belief and plausibility decision-making based on quantum evidence theory (QET). The AQC-DRC achieves a deterministic realization of DRC, guaranteeing precise fusion outcomes without information loss, while exponentially reducing the computational complexity of evidence combination and markedly improving fusion efficiency. It is founded that the quantum basic belief assignment (QBBA) in QET can be naturally used to express the quantum amplitude encoding. In addition, the quantum basic probability (QBP) in QET, which forms quantum basic probability assignment (QBPA), can be naturally used to express the quantum measurement outcomes for quantum belief level decision-making. Furthermore, the quantum plausibility (QPl) function in QET also can be naturally used to express the quantum measurement outcomes for quantum plausibility level decision-making. These findings open up new perspectives and enhance the physical interpretation of quantum measurement outcomes.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Neural Networks Without Layering Concept

Authors: Mirzakhmet Syzdykov
Comments: 2 Pages.

We present the basic abstract of the newly obtained results on class of non-layered artificial neural networks.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Upgrading the Turing Test to Consciousness

Authors: Luke Kenneth Casson Leighton
Comments: 8 Pages.

In "Where is the Denition of Consciousness"[1] (WdDoC) it was pointed out that the Turingtest[2] is in need of an upgrade. However Bayne[3] et al do an extraordinary job of reviewing the field of Consciousness testing, and insightfully extend the scope to a much more general one that includes nonhuman animals, xenobots and more, making such a Turing test upgrade eectively a moot exercise.

From the Definition of Consciousness that is remarkably similar to Tononi's[4], McKenzie's[5] as well as to Axel Cleeremans and Luis Jiménez[6] Definition of Learning, this article points out that the level of sophistication (or simplicity) of a given Conscious Entity has to be taken into consideration, but that the features tested as part of the Definition (Advaita Vedanta Boolean Algebraic capability,Memory, Imagination / Creativity, Ability to action future insights and learn from mistakes ) remains the same regardless of the scope and resources. Given that PID Control strictly meets the Definition of Consciousness, the difficulty and comprehensiveness of the task is highlighted by how rigorous and thorough PID Controller testing has to be in Safety-critical Engineering.

Additionally it is agreed that Schweizer's[7] perspective is correct: selection of a single entity (or too small a sample size) is statistically risky, and that the only way to mitigate such is to test Groups of entities. However crucially the same statistical risk of small sample size applies equally to the number of Groups tested.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Enhancing Depression Detection using BERT Models Pre-trained on Reddit Corpora

Authors: Yuan Gao
Comments: 16 Pages.

Depression is a pervasive and severe mental health disorder affecting millions worldwide, with its often covert nature making early detection challenging (World Health Organization, 2021). The proliferation of social media platforms, particularly Reddit, has created unprecedented opportunities for individuals to express their mental health concerns and seek support online (De Choudhury & De, 2014). This digital footprint provides a unique avenue for leveraging natural language processing techniques to automatically identify users potentially suffering from depression, facilitating early intervention. This study builds upon the model architecture proposed by Chen et al. (2023), which utilizes BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers)(Devlin et al., 2019) for feature extraction from individual user posts, followed by a Convolutional Neural Network(Krizhevsky, Sutskever, & Hinton, 2017) for user-level classification. While this approach has shown promise, we hypothesize that the pre-trained BERT model, typically trained on formal corpora such as books and Wikipedia(Devlin et al., 2019), may not optimally capture the nuanced language patterns prevalent in social media discourse. To address this potential limitation, we propose a novel approach of pre-training the BERT model on a large corpus of Reddit data before integrating it into the BERT+CNN architecture. This study aims to evaluate whether this Reddit-specific pre-training can enhance the model's performance in detecting depression through social media content analysis. We conducted extensive experiments comparing the performance of the original BERT+CNN model against our Reddit-pre-trained variant. Performance metrics including accuracy, recall, F1 score, and validation loss were meticulously analyzed. Our findings indicate a significant improvement in performance, with the Reddit-pre-trained model achieving a 2.1 point increase in F1 score compared to the baseline model. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on digital mental health assessment and demonstrates the potential of domain-specific language model pre-training in improving the accuracy of depression detection in social media contexts. The implications of this study extend to both clinical practice and public health policy, offering insights into more effective, data-driven approaches for early mental health intervention strategies.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Generalized Dirac Delta Impulse and Determinism Obtained from the Multivariate Gaussian

Authors: Ait-Taleb nabil
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper, we will propose to generalize the Dirac delta impulse to several dimensions. This generalization will be done by taking into account the one-dimensional version of the Dirac delta impulse. From a projection of the variance-covariance matrix, located inside the cone of positive semi-definite matrices, onto the boundary of the cone of positive semi-definite matrices, we will make the transition from Gaussian probability theory to determinism.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Tennis Vision

Authors: Sanjay Sharma, Akshit Rao, Chetan Sawant, Mangesh Gangurde
Comments: 4 Pages.

Automated sports analytics using artificial intelligence (AI) and computer vision has gained significant attention in recent years. This project presents a tennis match analysis system that detects players, tracks ball movement, and extracts performance metrics using deep learning techniques. The system employs YOLO for real-time player and ball detection, along with CNNs for court keypoint extraction and perspective correction. By analyzing video frames, the system calculates shot speed, player movement speed, and shot counts, providing valuable insights into gameplay dynamics.The methodology involves video acquisition, frame extraction, preprocessing, and deep learning-based tracking. A rolling mean filter is applied to ball trajectory data to identify shot impact points and analyze rally patterns. Experimental results demonstrate the model’s effectiveness, achieving a detection accuracy of 92.3% (mAP) and reliable tracking of key game events. The extracted performance metrics offer valuable applications for coaches, analysts, and players, enhancing strategic decision-making and training efficiency.The proposed approach bridges the gap between traditional sports analysis and AI-based automation, paving the way for more advanced player performance evaluation and match strategy optimization.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Training Neural Networks with {-1,1} Weights by Genetic Algorithm

Authors: Hidehiko Okada
Comments: 7 Pages.

The author previously reported an experimental result of evolutionary reinforcement learning of binary neural network controllers. In the previous study, the controller was trained by Evolution Strategy. In this study, the author experimentally applies Genetic Algorithm, instead of ES, and the results were compared between GA and ES. In both studies, the same Acrobot control task is utilized, and the same three-layer feedforward neural network is adopted. The difference lies in the training algorithm. The findings from this study are (1) GA trained the controller better than ES (p<.01), (2) increasing the population size, rather than the number of generations, improved performance more in GA (p < .01), and (3) the optimal number of hidden units for the binary MLP was 128 among the choices of 16, 32, 64, 128 and 256, which was consistent with the previous study using ES.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Multi-layer GRPO

Authors: Fei Ding
Comments: 7 Pages.

The success of DeepSeek-R1 has demonstrated the effectiveness of the GRPO algorithm. However, due to the absence of process rewards, GRPO often suffers from inefficiencies in exploration, as a single detailed error can result in an entirely incorrect final answer, leading to zero rewards.To address these challenges, we propose MGRPO (Multi-layer GRPO). In the first layer, GRPO operates identically to the original version, generating an initial response. This response is then fed into a second-stage GRPO process, which primarily trains the model to correct errors. Experimental results indicate that MGRPO outperforms standard GRPO, achieving superior performance.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Simulated Algorithms for Lives

Authors: Shuai Liu
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: AI assisted article is in general not acceptable)

This paper summarizes the characteristics of neural networks.This paper focuses on challenging the sudden randomness of gene mutation and explaining the active source of mild gene mutation.In this paper, a life algorithm framework that simulates the changes of genes by neural networks combined with genetic algorithms is taken as an example to show that genes can maintain overall stability and actively update at the same time, presenting a random exploration that maintains relatively small scope in general, and thus species evolution.It is necessary to keep the exploration of randomness small. This article breaks the shackles that genes determine everything in life. Genes and neural networks are both important. In addition to innate genes, people's ability to learn, update, shape themselves, and explore is particularly important.This paper points out the importance of neural networks in the evolution of species. Different from the view that neural network is only the intelligent organizational structure of human brain, this article extends the above view, neural network is also an important intelligent structure of cells, and neural network is also an important intelligent structure of organs.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

An Adaptive Quantum Evidential Combination Rule for Open Set Recognition

Authors: Yu Zhou, Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 3 Pages.

By exploiting the computational potential of quantum computing beyond the computational power of classical computing, an adaptive quantum algorithm of generalized evidential combination rule (AQ-QECR) is proposed to reduce the computational complexity of QECR in the creditability and plausibility levels with no information loss.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Circle of Life for LLMs[:] Was the Reaction to DeepSeek Justified?

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 33 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaes.wordpress.com/

Since the release of DeepSeek LLMs, the industry, the investors, and the media have reacted with alarm, surprised that a Chinese startup—despite operating on a low budget and with limited access to specialized AI hardware—could surpass the latest models with reasoning capabilities. This has led to geopolitical concerns about threats to U.S. technological dominance, and the effectiveness of AI chip sanctions imposed by the U.S. on China. Investor confidence in leading U.S. tech companies involved in AI, AI hardware, and AI/cloud hosting has been shaken, contributing to a significant stock market drop on January 27, 2025.In this paper, we argue that while the success of DeepSeek V3 and R1 is remarkable, it does not signal the decline of any major player. Instead, it is a natural progression of how LLMs and generative AI function. Most LLM providers, of a same LLM generation, rely on similar algorithms, big-data pools, and development techniques, meaning that models tend to converge in performance once their methodologies become public. Different starting points often lead to LLMs of comparable capabilities for a same generation. Techniques such as model distillation and reinforcement learning further enable the reduction of model size, data requirements, and hardware constraints. As a result, each time a model is developed, it can be replicated, closely matched, or even surpassed soon after—sometimes with significantly lower effort than the original, or with a significantly smaller set of parameters. This cycle of life will continue as long as LLMs remain a competitive field, vs. a commodity, and until new AI approaches beyond GenAI emerge, or the old AI reemerges.Such a pattern will continue, repeating the cycle. Open source models have the advantage of drawing from broader communities and collective innovation, making it increasingly difficult for proprietary models to maintain an edge. As development costs rise, it will be interesting to see whether proprietary models can sustain their dominance.Ultimately, there was no reason for panic. AI may be in a bubble, but if it bursts, it will not be because DeepSeek outperforms OpenAI’s latest model. Instead, the real challenges facing LLMs and GenAI lie elsewhere. The path to AGI is likely beyond current LLMs. While AI agents may extend the viability of GenAI, other factors pose more significant long-term threats. If LLMs are not the future of AI, there is little reason to be concerned about new players mastering them.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Informational Coherence Index A Framework for the Integration of Networks of Artificial Intelligence Models

Authors: Henry Matuchaki
Comments: 19 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Listed scientific references should be cited in the article; AI assisted/generated content is in general not accepted))

This article presents the Informational Coherence Index Icoerdisplaystyle I_{text{coer}}Icoer, an innovative mathematical and computational model designed to quantify and optimize informational integration in networks of artificial intelligence (AI) models, with a focus on language models. Inspired by concepts from physics, thermodynamics, and information theory, Icoerdisplaystyle I_{text{coer}}Icoer is integrated into the General Theory of Unity (GTU), a theoretical framework that seeks to unify informational interactions in distributed systems. This work describes the formulation, implementation, visualization, and practical applications of Icoerdisplaystyle I_{text{coer}}Icoer, highlighting its relevance for AI ensembles, multi-agent networks, and collaborative systems such as ChatGPT, Grok, etc.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Acceleration Particle Swarm Optimization

Authors: Satish Gajawada
Comments: 15 Pages.

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a popular optimization algorithm for solving complex optimization problems. Many PSO algorithms were proposed in literature where Velocity was calculated first and then it was added to position to obtain new position. In this work, a novel algorithm titled "Acceleration Particle Swarm Optimization (AccPSO)" is proposed where acceleration is calculated first and then displacement is obtained next with initial velocity, acceleration and time. Displacement is added to position to get new position. Unlike many PSO algorithms in literature, where iterations and time are used interchangeably, the time "t" in AccPSO algorithm is a continuous variable. In this work, AccPSO, PSO, Acceleration-based Particle Swarm Optimization (APSO) and APSOc (APSO with clamping) are tested on seven benchmark functions. Results obtained are discussed. It has been found that AccPSO with time "t" = 0.1 and "t" = 0.25 between iterations yielded optimal results when tested on benchmark functions.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Centralized AI Approach to Reducing IT Burnouts Through Work Pattern Monitoring

Authors: Barnty Barnabas, Olatunji Marvelous
Comments: 13 Pages.

Burnout among IT professionals has become a critical concern, driven by excessive working hours, high expectations, and constant pressure to perform. This article explores a centralized AI approach to reducing burnout in the IT industry through the monitoring of work patterns. By leveraging AI-driven tools, organizations can track key indicators such as work hours, task completion rates, communication patterns, and stress signals to identify early signs of burnout. The study investigates how AI can proactively detect these patterns and provide insights that enable managers to intervene before burnout escalates. Through a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data from AI monitoring systems with qualitative feedback from employees, the research highlights the potential of AI to not only identify burnout risks but also mitigate them by informing decisions on workload distribution and wellness interventions. The paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and ethical considerations of AI in workplace monitoring, proposing a holistic model that integrates AI with employee well-being initiatives to improve both productivity and mental health in the IT sector.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A General Theory of Artificial Intelligence Part 3

Authors: Matthew Groom
Comments: 54 Pages.

In this paper you get the next stage of AI development.As the inventor and creator of the SIMPLE system, which you refer to as deep reinforcement learning and coded by DeepMind UK, I expand out my system to show you where the system comes in when creating a real AI, a life-form.I present a detailed roadmap for AI and discuss more of what needs to be done to create an AI.In theory by the time you finish this paper, added to my others, you will be able to create a real-AI, a thinking life-form.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Beyond Yes or No: Making Reliable Decisions and Improving Personalized Customer Service

Authors: Akash Singh, Ashwin Ittoo, Pierre Ars, Francois Dehouck, Francois Collienne, Norman Marlie, Tom To Hoang, Nicolas Dumazy
Comments: 21 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Authors' names should be listed right after the title)

This white paper explores how uncertainty tools can be used to improve personalized customer service. Uncertainty is inherent in any machine learning predictive model. There are no perfect models, partly due to the curse of imensionality and the challenges of avoiding any biases and misclassifications. We aim to demonstrate how an insurance company can benefit from the uncertainty of machine learning predictions in order to develop methods that allow for the allocation of an uncertainty parameter to the predictions provided for a given profile/customer x. The benefits of scrutinizing uncertainty are numerous and often aligned with customer interests: 1. It can help to appreciate the weak points of a predictive model and thus improve them. 2. It enables the definition of the Next Best Action (NBA) with a full understanding of the facts. 3. It facilitates the analysis of marketing actions' results by providing a deeper appreciation of the heterogeneity within portfolios. This white paper, therefore, delves into the benefits of understanding uncertainty, its applications, and practical considerations for end customers.All illustrations and results presented in this paper are derived from an internal Ethias dataset. We will also explore how the uncertainty measures discussed in this paper (Epistemic vs Aleatoric, Conformal) can be useful in managing the uncertainty of Large language models (LLMs) and their propensity to hallucinate.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Transcendental Signals: Word and Number

Authors: Tim Xia
Comments: 11 Pages.

We summarize major historical currents in the study of signals, and offer an alternative perspective that is centered around the meaning of signals, a topic left unanswered by Shannon since the 1948. Despite the seeming variety of number systems, we suspect that the geometry often found in the eigen-spectrum of numerical signal system is independent of the local dynamics and exists rather out there. The implication then is that same geometry can be implemented by different numerical representations, this is well-known through the principle of computational equivalence. A less obvious implication is whether differentgeometry could underlie the same numerical pattern. We discuss examples in which this discrepancy of underlying geometry could come in to curious effect. And we provide a mathematical description of ectropic process wherein somehidden algebra could come into effect in the creation of efficacy and mathematical probability.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Mathematical Foundations of Deep Learning

Authors: Sourangshu Ghosh
Comments: 174 Pages.

Deep learning, as a computational paradigm, fundamentally relies on the synergy of functional approximation, optimization theory, and statistical learning. This work presents an extremely rigorous mathematical framework that formalizes deep learning through the lens of measurable function spaces, risk functionals, and approximation theory. We begin by defining the risk functional as a mapping between measurable function spaces, establishing its structure via Frechet differentiability and variational principles. The hypothesis complexity of neural networks is rigorously analyzed using VC-dimension theory for discrete hypotheses and Rademacher complexity for continuous spaces, providing fundamental insights into generalization and overfitting.A refined proof of the Universal Approximation Theorem is developed using convolution operators and the Stone-Weierstrass theorem, demonstrating how neural networks approximate arbitrary continuous functions on compact domains with quantifiable error bounds. The depth vs. width trade-off is explored through capacity analysis, bounding the expressive power of networks using Fourier analysis and Sobolev embeddings, with rigorous compactness arguments via the Rellich-Kondrachov theorem.We extend the theoretical framework to training dynamics, analyzing gradient flow and stationary points, the Hessian structure of optimization landscapes, and the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) regime. Generalization bounds are established through PAC-Bayes formalism and spectral regularization, connecting information-theoretic insights to neural network stability. The analysis further extends to advanced architectures, including convolutional and recurrent networks, transformers, generative adversarial networks (GANs), and variational autoencoders, emphasizing their function space properties and representational capabilities.Finally, reinforcement learning is rigorously examined through deep Q-learning and policy optimization, with applications spanning robotics and autonomous systems. The mathematical depth is reinforced by a comprehensive exploration of optimization techniques, covering stochastic gradient descent (SGD), adaptive moment estimation (Adam), and spectral-based regularization methods. The discussion culminates in a deep investigation of function space embeddings, generalization error bounds, and the fundamental limits of deep learning models.This work bridges deep learning’s theoretical underpinnings with modern advancements, offering a mathematically precise and exhaustive exposition that is indispensable for researchers aiming to rigorously understand and extend the frontiers of deep learning theory.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Towards a Hybrid LSTM-Transformer Model for Financial Data: A Theoretical Approach

Authors: Basit Ali
Comments: 10 pages, written in English, submitted under CC BY-NC 4.0 license.

This paper proposes a hybrid LSTM-Transformer architecture to train a Named Entity Recognition (NER) model on financial data, such as receipts and invoices. These data types are unstructured and come in various formats, making them difficult to process. The proposed model combines the sequential pattern recognition capabilities of LSTM networks with the contextual sensitivity of Transformer self-attention layers, making it well-suited for financial data applications. This study establishes a modular, design-oriented framework, complete with pseudocode and architectural explanations, to serve as a foundation for future empirical testing. This conceptual work aims to set a benchmark in financial data modeling by addressing domain-specific challenges and providing a scalable structure for subsequent validation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Application of AI Agents for Dynamic Assortment Planning in Retail

Authors: Arvind Sundara Rajan, Ravirajan K
Comments: 10 Pages. CC by attribution

This paper attempted to exhibit the application of Artificial Intelligence(AI) in system for optimizing product assortments in a retail environment. By leveraging AI and machine learning (ML) ML algorithms and techniques, the system analyzed consumer data, sales trends, and inventory levels to dynamically adjust product assortments. The approach integrated predictive analytics and decisionsupport frameworks using the advanced AI applications and novel methods in ML employed to improve customer satisfaction and maximize revenue. This paper discussed the detailed methodology and its appropriate algorithms with opted mathematical explanation and real-life benefits in business problem were derived out of this proposed system, along with its potential to transform retail assortment planning.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Generative Action Synthesis for Emotion Replication in Robotic Agents via Conditional GANS, Hierarchical Transformers, and Stochastic Policy Gradients With Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov Stabilized Dynamics

Authors: Ravirajan K, Arvind Rajan
Comments: 5 Pages. CC by attribution.

This paper introduces Generative Action Synthesis (GAS), a novel method for imbuing robots withhuman-like emotional expression during task execution. GAS leverages conditional WassersteinGANs (cWGANs) for action generation conditioned on emotional embeddings, guided by expertdemonstrations and refined via Hamiltonian Monte Carlo. A temporal-hierarchical transformer(THT) synthesizes actions while a Von Mises-Fisher mixture model (vMF-MM) resolves ambiguities.The framework also employs stochastic policy gradients for dynamic adjustment based on real-time feedback and task requirements, with Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equations ensuring emotionstability. This approach, integrating generative models with reinforcement learning and structuredemotional embedding, enables robots to exhibit a range of emotional behaviors, including anger,humor, and empathy, leading to more natural and adaptable human-robot interactions. Practicalimplications include advanced applications in caregiving, customer service, and other social domains,highlighting its significance in the development of emotionally intelligent robots
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Enhancing Olfactory Perception Through Large Language Models: Integrating Sensory Data for Advanced Odor Recognition

Authors: Ravirajan K, Arvind Sundara Rajan
Comments: 11 Pages.

The integration of biological principles into artificial olfactory systems has led to significant advancements in odor detection and classification. Inspired by the intricate mechanisms of natural olfaction, researchers are developing sophisticated systems that mimic the functionality of biological olfactory pathways. These systems utilize high-density chemoresistive sensor arrays (HCSA) combined with advanced computational techniques, such as FPGA-accelerated glomerular convergence circuits (FGCC) and hierarchical graph neural networks (HGNN). This bioinspired approach enables real-time adaptive responses to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of odor identification.At the core of these innovations is the multiparametric sigmoidal sensor activation (MPSA), which quantifies VOCs by leveraging the diverse responses of sensor arrays. The implementation of lateral inhibition via programmable synaptic crossbars (LIPSC) further refines odor processing by mimicking neural interactions found in biological systems. Additionally, temporal self-organizing maps (TSOM) facilitate dynamic clustering of odor patterns, allowing for a nuanced understanding of complex odor environments.A novel aspect of this research lies in the Grassmannian manifold embedding (GME) of odor profiles, which provides a mathematical framework for representing and analyzing the multidimensional nature of odors. Coupled with Hamiltonian Monte Carlo-optimized feedback (HMC-FB), this system effectively compensates for drift in sensor readings, ensuring consistent performance over time. By bridging the gap between biological inspiration and technological innovation, these artificial olfactory systems are poised to revolutionize applications ranging from environmental monitoring to food safety and healthcare diagnostics.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Beyond Biology: A Functional Framework for Consciousness in Machine Learning

Authors: A. A. Alkadrie
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract with < 400 words is required; also please cite and list scientific references)

The idea of Machines can independently solve problems, serve it as solutions, help us in any kind of task completions and so on, is fascinating. In a general term we identified this kind of machine as intellegence machines. Intellegence, as all of us understand it, is strongly related with conciesness. Does this machines have conciesnesses? this is interesting an interesting question that alot of people have in mind about the intellegence machines. Let's explore this together.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Video Generation via Compressed Hand-Drawn Representations and Latent Diffusion Models

Authors: Tofara Moyo
Comments: 2 Pages.

We present a novel approach to video generation,leveraging compressed hand-drawn representations and latent diffusion models. Our methodology employs a unique two-stage process, wherein a variational auto encoder generates parametersbased on input text, of a generic equation to be graphed into a frame, and a latent diffusion model refines these frames into photorealistic video content. These graphs are designed to looklike hand drawn replicas of the frames in the dataset. By utilizing hand-drawn-like images as a compressed representation, we effectively reduce the dimensionality of the video generation problem, enabling tighter bottleneck architectures and improved efficiency. Our approach demonstrates significant potential forgenerating lenghty ,high-quality, text-conditioned videos, with applications in multimedia creation, robotics, and beyond.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Synthra Technology: A Novel Approach Towards Centralized and Decentralized Solutions

Authors: Abdullah M. Ahmad
Comments: 29 Pages.

Synthra represents a groundbreaking technological paradigm that harmonizes blockchain and AI technologies, redefining decentralized systems for the modern era. At its core, Synthra introduces an unprecedented integration of AI-driven mechanisms, such as the Proof-of-Veracity consensus, and the Uploaded Contractual Intelligence (UCI) to ensure immutable, ethical, and highly efficient operations. Synthra is designed to address limitations of traditional blockchain systems, achieving zero gas fees, unparalleled security, and a throughput of up to 1 million transactions per second (TPS).Synthra’ s robust architecture incorporates fail-safe mechanisms like the Self-Destruct Swap Chain (SDSC), Forked-Chain Swap Chain (FCSC), and Binomial Walk Swap Chain (BWSC) which safeguards data integrity against potential network compromises through advanced backup and recovery systems. Furthermore, Synthra is envisioned to extend its capabilities to Quantum-Synthra technology, leveraging Quantum Secure Hashing Algorithms (QSHA) and the innovative Qubyte system to ensure resilience against quantum attacks while maintaining operational scalability.This framework paves the way for a new era of decentralized applications, blending AI precision with blockchain transparency and introducing the Uploaded Contractual Intelligence (UCI) as a deterministic executor of ethical principles. Synthra’ s vision is to enable secure, fast, and reliable platforms that revolutionize industries from social networking to finance while laying the foundation for future Temporal communication systems.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence: Quantity vs. Quality

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 5 Pages.

AI directs us toward emerging machine technologythat seemingly everybody has encountered, but few truly comprehend. Fake AI essays, fake AI images, fake reviews, and fuzzy app features disguise how quantity is not always superior to quality. Wisdom and intelligence reside inside our seemingly slow brains, still with 100 trillion synaptic connections. Intuitive machine wisdom separate from and equal to human consciousness is possible, but not yet.The ideal synthesis will optimize the best thoughts of machines and humans to preserve our biosphere.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Gradient Reservoir Optimizer

Authors: Akhil Kumar
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, I introduce the Gradient Reservoir Optimizer (GRO), a novel optimizationalgorithm for neural network training that combines short-term gradient updates with long-term gradient trends. GRO maintains a dynamic "reservoir" of recent gradient directions and utilizes their aggregated trends to influence parameter updates. By blending current gradients with a history-aware reservoir, GRO aims to stabilize convergence and improve robustness to noisygradients. This novel approach provides an additional mechanism to mitigate common issueslike gradient noise and plateaus in training loss. I demonstrate the theoretical underpinnings of GRO, provide its algorithmic structure, and evaluate its performance on benchmark datasets. The results show promise for GRO as a viable alternative to existing optimizers like SGD, Adam, and RMSProp. Additionally, GRO offers flexibility for tuning the influence of historical gradients, making it adaptable across a variety of tasks and architectures.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Trouble with GenAI: LLMs are still not any close to AGI - They will never be

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 24 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaes.wordpress.com/

The pursuit of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) has been a prominent goal within the field of artificial intelligence. However, this paper argues that current Generative AI Language Models (GenAI LLMs), such as GPT-4 o1, and similar/later LLMs with similar architectures like o3, are fundamentally incapable of achieving AGI. This argument is supported by examining the intrinsic limitations of LLMs, their operational paradigms, and the essential characteristics that define AGI.We discuss a short experiment performed with all the big LLMs, including the latest ones released by the main different AI providers: extracting and producing a list of URL links from a word document. None of the LLMs succeeded, including the latest from OpenAI, Google, Claude or Perplexity. Instead they all get confused, extract only a subset then, when shown how to do it, they hallucinate the links and never produce a complete list. It happens even when shown how to do it. We take this as a counterexample to statements made by many that, by now, end of 2024, GenAI LLMs would, already reach AGI, or be almost there. In fact we argue that AGI is not about to be reached by LLMs any time soon. They will never reach AGI, without changes away from just being LLMS. Claims to the contrary are unrealistic.The paper presents possible direction to reach AGI, and in particulars our views on how to proceed.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Happiness and Health Particle Swarm Optimization

Authors: Satish Gajawada
Comments: 2 Pages.

Happiness and Health Particle Swarm Optimization (HaHePSO) algorithm is created by incorporating the Happiness and Health concepts into Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Fixing Reference Hallucinations of LLMs

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 14 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaes.wordpress.com/

In October and November 2024, using popular LLMs like OpenAI ChatGPT (4 and below), Azure OpenAI and its Copilot instantiations, Google Gemini and GenAI LLM tuned for scientific papers like Zendy, asking a question and references produces with every LLM fake references, well onstructed, but with different titles or authors than the web or journal reference actually associated to the citation, or sometimes totally invented. Prompting to ensure that the reference exists and is correct may help for some, but in general it does not. Others have reported similar issues when using these LLM/GenAI services to produce legal briefs, and other legal documents.This paper suggest simple ways to address this, instead of trying to just improve the LLMs and hope hallucinations will be reduced; they won’t, no matter what, they are inherent to LLM. It is very surprising and mindboggling that LLM providers have not been implementing these kind of solutions: just check if the references exist, are correctly cited, and relevant to the paper/context. We also expand the approach with our MultiAI approach to improve on the previous approach, or address other hallucinations; actually eliminating in our tests.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Tokenization is not the Problem

Authors: Danil Kutny
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper introduces a modification to standard GPT-like models by incorporating character-level encoding. The model uses an LSTM to process individual characters within tokens, which are then embedded into the original token embedding space. This allows the model to maintain token-level processing while adding character-level information to each token. Trained on the BookCorpus dataset, the model was evaluated on tasks requiring character-level manipulation, such as counting letters and reversing words. Surprisingly, the modified model performed similarly to the baseline GPT model, with no significant improvements, suggesting that GPT-like models may inherently learn character-level representations from tokenized inputs.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Robustness to Spurious Correlation: A Comprehensive Review

Authors: Mohammadjavad Maheronnaghsh, Taha Akbari Alvanagh
Comments: 20 Pages. This article will be published in ECCV by Springer.

The persistence of spurious features in machine learning models remains a significant challenge. To address this issue, we identify several future directions that require attention. Firstly, we highlight the need for a new dataset that allows researchers to control the types and levels of spurious features, as this resource is currently lacking. Secondly, we emphasize the importance of addressing spurious features in natural language processing, where more attention is needed compared to vision-related tasks. We also stress the need for addressing spurious correlations at the core algorithmic level, rather than relying on complex, task specific solutions that may not generalize well. Finally, we advocate for the development of weakly-supervised or unsupervised methods that reduce reliance on group labels, making the approaches more widely applicable. Our review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of existing work and guide future research in creating more robust machine learning models.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Money Particle Swarm Optimization

Authors: Satish Gajawada
Comments: 2 Pages.

The idea is to incorporate the concept of money into Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to create a new PSO algorithm titled "Money Particle Swarm Optimization (MyPSO)" algorithm.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

GKD-ER: Gradient-space Knowledge Distillation with Episodic Replay for Mitigating Catastrophic Forgetting in Continual Learning

Authors: John Tian
Comments: 9 Pages. Distributed under the CC BY license

Continual learning (CL) enables machine learning models to learn tasks sequentially while maintaining performance on previously learned tasks. This capability is crucial for developing intelligent systems that adapt to evolving conditions across domains like robotics, recommendation systems, and autonomous vehicles. However, neural networks typically suffer from catastrophic forgetting, where learning new tasks disrupts performance on older ones, often necessitating costly retraining from scratch.We present GKD-ER (Gradient-space Knowledge Distillation with Episodic Replay), a framework that effectively reduces catastrophic forgetting by combining three complementary techniques:

Gradient Projection (GP): Removes gradient components that would harm older tasks, ensuring parameter updates for new tasks remain orthogonal to previously learned knowledge.

Knowledge Distillation (KD): Maintains functional consistency by aligning the current model's outputs with those from a saved reference model on old data.

Episodic Replay (ER): Periodically revisits representative samples from past tasks stored in a memory buffer, reinforcing old decision boundaries and providing stable checkpoints.

Under standard conditions and representative replay assumptions, we theoretically demonstrate that GKD-ER achieves bounded forgetting. Our empirical evaluation on established benchmarks like Permuted MNIST and Split MNIST shows that GKD-ER surpasses strong baselines (Naive, EWC, SI, and ER alone) with higher final accuracies, significantly reduced forgetting, and stable class-level decision boundaries across tasks.By integrating constraints at the gradient, functional, and empirical levels, GKD-ER strikes an effective balance between stability and plasticity. This work advances the development of systems capable of continuous learning while preserving past expertise—a key step toward truly adaptive, lifelong learning agents.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

What is Intelligence?

Authors: Akira Pyinya
Comments: 10 Pages.

This article briefly describes a new definition of intelligence: Doing the same thing in new situations as the examples of the right thing to do, by making predictions based on these examples. In other words, intelligence makes decisions by stare decisis with Solomonoff induction, not by pursuing a final goal or optimizing a utility function. This general theory of intelligence is inspired by Assembly theory, the Copycat model, and the Active inference approach, and is formalized using Algorithmic information theory.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Applying Attention U-Net with Pytorch Architectural Add-Ons for Extensive Hyperparameter Search with Weights & Biases for Area of Visibility Prediction Based on Terrain

Authors: Eugene Rulko
Comments: 9 Pages.

Current level of development in the sphere of deep learning allows replacing existing domain-specific algorithms for military simulation with approximating neural networks. Hyperparameter search allows finding network’s architecture, appropriate for a task. This work describes that process for the task of predicting area of optical visibility, taking a fragment of a digital map as input and proposes ancillary architectural solutions for stitching building blocks together, assuring their conformation for performing search among their possible combinations within the architectural space. The final proposed result is a channel-wise attention U-Net with an encoder, based on ResNet50 backbone.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

An Enhancement of Haar Cascade Algorithm Applied to Face Recognition for Gate Pass Security

Authors: Clarence Antipona, Romeo Magsino, Raymund Dioses, Khatalyn Mata
Comments: 9 Pages.

This study is focused on enhancing the Haar Cascade Algorithm to decrease the false positive and false negative rate in face matching and face detection to increase the accuracy rate even under challenging conditions. The face recognition library was implemented with Haar Cascade Algorithm in which the 128-dimensional vectors representing the unique features of a face are encoded. A subprocess was applied where the grayscale image from Haar Cascade was converted to RGB to improve the face encoding. Logical process and face filtering are also used to decrease non-face detection. The Enhanced Haar Cascade Algorithm produced a 98.39% accuracy rate (21.39% increase), 63.59% precision rate, 98.30% recall rate, and 72.23% in F1 Score. In comparison, the Haar Cascade Algorithm achieved a 46.70% to 77.00% accuracy rate, 44.15% precision rate, 98.61% recall rate, and 47.01% in F1 Score. Both algorithms used the Confusion Matrix Test with 301,950 comparisons using the same dataset of 550 images. The 98.39% accuracy rate shows a significant decrease in false positive and false negative rates in facial recognition. Face matching and face detection are more accurate in images with complex backgrounds, lighting variations, and occlusions, or even those with similar attributes.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Identifying Vulnerable C Code using Machine Learning Techniques

Authors: Siddharth Anand Phatak
Comments: 7 Pages.

This report presents the development and evaluation of a machinelearning model for identifying vulnerable C code. Using an AI-generateddataset of both vulnerable and non-vulnerable C code snippets, we explorevarious methodologies including Bag of Words (BOW), Logistic Regres-sion, word embeddings, and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to buildan effective classification model.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Better Supervised Fine-Tuning of Closed-Source Large Models

Authors: Fei Ding
Comments: 6 Pages.

The recent proliferation of so-called open-source large language models (such as LLaMA, Falcon, Mistral) has introduced a broader range of alternatives for AI practitioners and researchers. However, the majority of these models cannot be considered truly open-source, as they often provide only partial artifacts, such as final model weights or inference code. Furthermore, technical documentation accompanying these models tends to focus on high-level architectural decisions and superficial metrics, leaving critical aspects of the training process, including dataset composition, distribution, model checkpoints, and intermediate results, largely undisclosed. This lack of transparency presents a significant barrier to progress in the field, restricting the potential for open, collaborative research. In the absence of access to original datasets, attempts to further train or fine-tune these models by third parties are susceptible to issues such as catastrophic forgetting.In response to this challenge, we propose a method that facilitates more effective supervised fine-tuning of these closed-source models, without requiring access to the original data, while mitigating the risk of catastrophic forgetting.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Discovery of Novel STEM Documents

Authors: Tofara Moyo
Comments: 3 Pages.

We present a novel scientific document discoverysystem inspired by molecular chemistry and AI-driven drug discovery. Our approach treats document tokens as atomic units, which are combined to form "molecular" representations ofmathematical documents. We employ a probabilistic framework to maximize the likelihood of forming coherent mathematicaldocuments while minimizing the probability of random token combinations and non-STEM document tokens. To achieve this, we develop a token embedding scheme that maps property vectors to a musical keyboard, effectively representing each token as a musical chord. We further differentiate between STEM and non-STEM documents by introducing a harmonic constraint on adjacent nodes in document graphs. Specifically, STEM documents are characterized by polyphonic harmonization of adjacent node vectors, whereas non-STEM documents exhibit dissonant relationships. Our system integrates a graph neural network/transformer decoder architecture, trained end-to-end to generate STEM documents from input graphs. This innovative approach has the potential to revolutionize scientific document discovery and retrieval.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Creating Hierarchical Dispositions of Needs in an Agent

Authors: Tofara Moyo
Comments: 5 Pages.

We present a novel method for learning hierarchical abstractions that prioritize competing objectives, leading to improved global expected rewards. Our approach employs a secondary rewarding agent with multiple scalar outputs, each associated with a distinct level of abstraction. The traditional agent then learns to maximize these outputs in a hierarchical manner, conditioning each level on the maximization of the preceding level. We derive an equation that orders these scalar values and the global reward by priority, inducing a hierarchy of needs that informs goal formation. Experimental results on the Pendulum v1 environment demonstrate superior performance compared to a baseline implementation.We achieved state of the art results.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Cost-Per-Byte Principle in Generative AI

Authors: Xiaoyi Li
Comments: 10 Pages.

Generative AI models are increasingly used across various modalities, including text, images, audio, and video. Estimating the computational cost of generating con- tent is crucial for optimizing performance and resource allocation. This paper intro- duces the Cost-Per-Byte Principle: C = T × I, a universal law that relates the cost of content generation to per-byte generation time and per-second inference cost. We derive the per-byte generation time analytically based on the model’s computational requirements (FLOPs) and the hardware’s performance (FLOPs per second). By estab- lishing mappings between bytes and different content units (characters, pixels, samples, frames), we provide a modality-agnostic framework for cost estimation. We present a rigorous proof of the principle’s validity and apply it to estimate the costs of current popular models, using publicly available evidence to verify the accuracy and usefulness of this principle.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

AI and Emotional Intelligence Development

Authors: Mezbah Uddin Rafi
Comments: 17 Pages.

Emotional intelligence (EI) is crucial for interpersonal interactions, mental health, and success across various life domains. Traditionally enhanced through coaching, workshops, and self-guided methods, EI development can now leverage artificial intelligence (AI) as a virtual emotional coach. With advancements in machine learning (ML), natural language processing (NLP), and sentiment analysis, AI can offer real-time emotional assessment and personalized feedback, providing an innovative approach to EI training.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Understanding When the Correlations Are Causation

Authors: Ait-Taleb Nabil
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper, we will expose for the Gaussian multiple causation a theorem relating the causation to correlations. This theorem is based on another equality which will be also proven.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Nature of General Intelligence

Authors: Gopal Krishna
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper establishes the fundamental nature of general intelligence and proves the logical impossibility of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). We introduce the novel framework of Abstract Sentient Intuition (ASI) and Combinatorial Sentient Intuition (CSI), demonstrating that while CSI involves combining existing abstract concepts, ASI creates fundamentally new abstract concepts. Building upon the established foundation of abstract language, we prove that artificial systems can only implement CSI through programming, as all programming is fundamentally based on existing knowledge. Since general intelligence requires both ASI and CSI, we establish that AGI is logically impossible. We systematically address all potential counterarguments, demonstrating the completeness of this proof. This result has profound implications for artificial intelligence research, cognitive science, and our understanding of consciousness.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Terrain Relative Navigation Based on Deep Feature Template Matching and Visual Odometry

Authors: Eugene Rulko
Comments: 18 Pages.

The main hurdle for terrain relative navigation systems is the incongruity of visual features between a patch of a satellite reference map and a view from an onboard UAV camera. Images are taken during different time of year, under different weather, vegetation and lighting conditions, with different angles of observation. This work proposes the usage of deep feature template matching, where features are extracted during unsupervised training using a triplet loss. It provides semantic understanding, agnostic to terrain transformations. In order to overcome struggling to navigate over featureless terrains, the work proposes additional usage of visual odometry with the procedure of sticking to the map after encountering enough features, with the procedure of hypothesizing over possible locations. Passing a fragment of the reference map through the trained feature extractor, applying an entropy filter and then a pathfinding algorithm allows planning a flying path over areas rich of features relevant for navigation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Enhancing Data Analysis with Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Integration on the Blockchain Using Smart Contracts

Authors: Mirtill Boglárka Naghi, Bence Tureczki, Katalin Szenes
Comments: 23 Pages.

This paper introduces a novel approach to fortify data security through the seamless integration of fuzzy clustering techniques within blockchain technology. Fuzzy clustering, known for its ability to handle uncertainties and complexities in data, synergizes with blockchain’s decentralized and immutable ledger to establish a robust framework for secure data storage, analysis and retrieval. The proposed fusion not only enhances confidentiality, integrity and effectivity but also offers adaptability to the evolving dynamics of modern data landscapes. In this paper we propose a theoretical model that implements the integration of fuzzy c-means clustering on the blockchain using a cryptographically verifiable distributed computing system. By leveraging the decentralized nature of blockchain, the proposed framework ensures that data analysis processes are verifiable and tamper-resistant. Furthermore, the integration of fuzzy clustering within the blockchain not only bolsters security but also introduces a layer of transparency in the confidential data handling process.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Visual Navigation for Airborne Ground Robot's Control

Authors: Oleg Kupervasser, Domoshnitsky Alexander
Comments: 45 Pages.

In the presentation described algorithms for airborne ground robot's control and navigation developed in Ariel University during Kamin project
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Vision-Based Uav (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) Navigation

Authors: Oleg Kupervasser, Domoshnitsky Alexander
Comments: 72 Pages.

In the presentation described algorithms for Vision-based UAV (Unmanned aerial vehicle) control and navigation developed in Ariel University during Nofar project.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

How to Prevent Artificial Intelligence From Getting Out of Human Control

Authors: Vitaly E. Pilkin
Comments: 12 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org)

This paper provides answers to current questions of experts working with artificial intelligence (AI), and offers recommendations on how to control AI development and prevent AI from getting out of human control.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Human-Computer Interaction: AI-Driven Gesture Recognition

Authors: Axel Egon, Abram Gracias, Peter Broklyn
Comments: 17 Pages.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in human-computer interaction (HCI) has significantly transformed how users engage with technology, particularly through gesture recognition. This paper explores the advancements in AI-driven gesture recognition systems, emphasizing their potential to enhance user experience across various applications, from gaming and virtual reality to accessibility tools and smart environments. We analyze the underlying algorithms and machine learning techniques that facilitate real-time gesture detection and interpretation, highlighting the importance of accuracy and responsiveness in user interactions. Additionally, the paper discusses the challenges faced in developing robust gesture recognition systems, including variability in user behavior, environmental factors, and the need for extensive training data. By examining case studies and recent innovations in the field, we illustrate the growing impact of AI-driven gesture recognition on user interfaces and the future of interactive technology. Ultimately, this research aims to provide insights into the transformative role of gesture-based interactions in creating more intuitive, immersive, and inclusive digital experiences.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Symbol Based Self Guided Neural Architecture Search in a Spiking Neural Network

Authors: Tofara Moyo
Comments: 3 Pages.

A spiking neural networks neurons can viewedas feature detectors or alternatively instances of hieroglyphic symbols defined by the associated features they represent .The set of activations at any time step then represent a document written in this alphabet. If we feed this information from the previous time step back to the spiking neural network at each time step ,the network will navigate its own space of internal representations and form a grounded language in which to analyze its own internal states and to guide their evolution. We describe this method and how it could be used by the algorithm to plan and design connections and critic its own thought processes if all of this increases the expected reward. We also show a simple method for an agent to learn levels of abstractions ordered by priority that ultimately increase the global expected reward. Each level is associated with a separate scalar output of the neural network at each time step t which is fed back to the agent as part of the state at time t+1. The agent then correlates them with features of the state initially randomly. It however learns the correct assignment by doing it in such a way that it increases the global reward.We describe an equation meant to order these scalar values and the global reward in order of priority and hence induce a heir-achy of needs for the agent. This then forms the basis of goal formation for it
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Exploring Emergent Qualia in Artificial and Biological Systems: A Comparative Analysis

Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 4 Pages.

Qualia—the subjective experience of perception—has long been considered unique to biological consciousness. However, with the advent of sophisticated Artificial Intelligence (AI) models, the question arises: could complex AI architectures also manifest a form of qualia, albeit different in nature from biological systems? This paper explores the hypothesis that both biological and artificial systems may generate unique moments of consciousness or qualia through information processing. By examining theories of consciousness, such as emergentism and Integrated Information Theory (IIT), this paper discusses the potential for qualia to arise as an emergent phenomenon in systems that handle complex information processing. Additionally, the ethical implications of AI-generated qualia are explored, alongside a discussion of what this means for the future of AI and philosophy of mind.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Ideal Difference Based Backpropgation

Authors: Rick Ferreira, Melissa Smith
Comments: 16 Pages.

There are two common problems when designing and using artificial neural networks. The first is the need for better performance. The second is the need to combat the increasing complexity with enhancements. In this paper we design a way to do both.This is done in each iteration by calculating what weights would give the optimal answer for each input and output pair. The weights are then updated by the difference between the ideal weight and the current weights all of it times the learning rate.We find that this method not only converges much faster for an image classification problem but it also is much simpler to understand and does not rely on using calculus or derivatives. However the method only works for a shallow or single layer neural network.By using simple arithmetic, neural networks can be updated in a way that is both simpler and more efficient than back-propagation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Toward a Human-Centric Metaverse: Novel Causal Decision Models for Supply Chain Risk Management

Authors: Hamidreza Seiti, Mostafa Shabani
Comments: 34 Pages.

This study addresses the complexities of selecting the optimal virtual reality (VR) platform for risk management in Supply Chain Management (SCM), emphasizing the significance of human-centric attributes in this decision-making process. As SCM encompasses the strategic coordination of suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors, the integration of advanced technologies, including VR, becomes essential for enhancing operational efficiency and resilience in today’s dynamic market environments. This paper proposes a novel MADM model that incorporates the R.Graph method to account for the interactions between criteria. We developed two distinct algorithms: the first directly calculates ranks based on attribute interactions, while the second modifies weights to reflect these interactions. By focusing on user experience, accessibility, collaboration features, and other relevant attributes, the model aims to facilitate a comprehensive evaluation of VR platforms. The application of qualitative input data allows for a more nuanced analysis, particularly in scenarios where quantitative data is limited
Category: Artificial Intelligence

LLM Survey Paper Landscape: Predicting Taxonomies

Authors: Daniel Uranga
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this study, we analyze a dataset of survey papers on Large Language Models (LLMs) published over the last 3 years to gain insights into the current trends surrounding LLMs. Primarily we analyze the author landscape and the effectiveness at predicting the taxonomies of the surveys from their title, summary, and listed categories. I find that the amount of surveys released has increased drastically in the last three years. Also, most surveys have around 8 authors, but each author appears only on one survey usually. This indicates the research is spread widely between those in the field. Finally, our investigation into predicting taxonomies was a failure with the machine learning methods we applied. However, valuable insights about the dataset can be gained from the attempts.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Training Neural Networks with {-1,1} Weights by Evolution Strategy

Authors: Hidehiko Okada
Comments: 8 Pages.

The author previously reported an experimental result of evolutionary reinforcement learning of neural network controllers. In the previous study, a conventional multilayer perceptron was employed in which connection weights were real numbers. In this study, the author experimentally applies an evolutionary algorithm to the reinforcement training of binary neural networks. In both studies, the same task and the same evolutionary algorithm are utilized, i.e. the Acrobot control problem and Evolution Strategy respectively. The differences lie in the memory size per connection weight and the model size of the neural network. The findings from this study are (1) the optimal number of hidden units for the binary MLP was 128 among the choices of 16, 32, 64, 128 and 256; (2) a larger population size contributed better for ES than a greater number of generations; and (3) binary connection weights can achieve comparable control performance while reducing memory size by half.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

2024 Nobel Prize in Physics Made a Category Error

Authors: Remi Cornwall
Comments: 4 Pages.

The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics made a category error in awarding a pattern recognition circuit or program the prize. The neuron and implication that it was responsible for thought was discovered by biologists and the physical understanding of information worked synergistically with the concept. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a construct of Computer Science and made possible by Applied Science and Engineering; it simply recognises patterns. It doesn't follow that the paradigm of ANNs explains intelligence nor how it emerges in the Universe and more worthy recipients in this area would have been the original people who came up with Information Theory or those looking at the limits of computation in Quantum Computing or even those who have seen Godellian limitations in physics, such as the incomputability of the spectral gap in certain materials.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Causation Without Correlations for the Gaussian Signals

Authors: Ait-Taleb nabil
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper, we will show in a Gaussian context what to do to obtain a causal relationship between an output variableand three input variables without obtaining any correlation between the output variable and the input variables.In a context of Gaussian signals, this paper will show the following situation: Causation without correlations for Gaussian signals.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

How Can We Utilize Natural Language Processing to Identify Bias in Job Descriptions?

Authors: Nisanth Nimashakavi
Comments: 9 Pages.

In the pursuit of creating fairer hiring practices and promoting workforce diversity, this research project explores the potential of Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to identify and rectify biases in job descriptions. The language used in job postings can inadvertently perpetuate biases and deter applicants from underrepresented backgrounds. Leveraging cutting-edge NLP methods, this study aims to automatically detect and address biases, fostering a more inclusive recruitment process. By examining the biases within job descriptions,organizations can attract a more diverse range of applicants and cultivate an inclusive workplace culture. Through the application of NLP, this research seeks to drive positive change in recruitment practices, ultimately contributing to a more equitable job market.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Detailed Discussion on the Classification of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome Types Using Continuous Pulse Collection by Smart Wearable Devices

Authors: HaiSheng Wang
Comments: 21 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org)

With the popularization of smart wearable devices, the collection of continuous pulse waveforms has become easier and easier, providing convenience for health monitoring. This study explores the use of pulse waveform data collected by modern wearable devices, combined with spectrum analysis technology, to explore physiological indicators related to the organ systems of "heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys" in traditional Chinese medicine. Based on the pulse diagnosis theory of traditional Chinese medicine, the study explored the changes in pulse waves under different organ states by analyzing the harmonic characteristics of pulse waves, and how these changes are related to the syndrome classification system of traditional Chinese medicine.

随着智能穿戴设备的普及，连续脉搏波形的采集变得越来越容易，为健康监测提供了便利。本研究探讨了利用现代穿戴式设备采集的脉搏波形数据，结合频谱分析技术，探索与中医"心、肝、脾、肺、肾"器官系统相关的生理指标。研究基于中医脉诊理论，通过分析脉搏波的谐波特征，探讨了不同器官状态下的脉搏波变化，以及这些变化如何与中医证型分类体系相联系。
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Babel Effect: Multilingual Performance Discrepancies in LLMs

Authors: Basab Jha
Comments: 5 Pages.

Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-4 and mBERT have revolutionized natural language processing (NLP) by providing multilingual capabilities, making it possible to develop models that handle diverse linguistic inputs across various languages. However, despite these advances, there remains a noticeable performance gap between how well these models perform in high-resource languages such as English and low-resource languages such as Nepali or Malagasy. We term this phenomenon the "Babel Effect," highlighting the disproportionate performance that arises from differences in resource availability across languages. This paper aims to explore the root causes of these performance discrepancies in LLMs, focusing on the underlying challenges in tokenization, training, and data scarcity. We utilize cross-lingual benchmarks, such as XGLUE and TyDiQA, to quantify these performance variations and examine them in detail. Furthermore, we propose solutions, including enhancing tokenization strategies, employing data augmentation techniques, and refining fine-tuning methods. The paper concludes with a discussion on how these improvements can mitigate the Babel Effect and lead to more equitable language modeling across diverse linguistic contexts.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Comprehensive Framework for Selecting the Best Human-Centric Generative AI Model for Supply Chain Risk Management

Authors: Hamidreza Seiti, Reza Javadi, Hossein Ghanbari, Sina Keshavarz
Comments: 56 Pages. In Chinese (Converted to pdf by viXra admin - Please submit article in pdf format only)

Supply chain risk management is a critical challenge in today’s increasingly complex and interconnected global markets, particularly within specific supply chains where disruptions can have far-reaching consequences. Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) transformer models have emerged as powerful tools for effectively managing these risks. However, selecting the most suitable GAI model for specific supply chain contexts remains a significant challenge due to the diverse range of available models and the complex interplay of risk factors involved. This challenge is further compounded by the necessity of considering human-centric criteria to ensure that the chosen model aligns with ethical standards and practical needs. This paper addresses this challenge by introducing an enhanced multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework that refines the Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) method. Our approach first improves the logical structure of the EDAS method and then incorporates the interactions and interdependencies between criteria, thereby overcoming key limitations of traditional MCDM methods and providing a more accurate and comprehensive evaluation process. We applied this improved EDAS model to the task of selecting the best GAI transformer model for risk management in the food supply chain. Through a systematic evaluation of various GAI models, considering their performance across multiple risk factors, our study identified GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) as the most suitable model for this context, demonstrating superior capabilities in addressing the complex challenges associated with food supply chain risks. This research not only advances the theoretical foundation of MCDM techniques but also offers practical insights into the application of AI in supply chain management, highlighting the importance of human-centric AI approaches that prioritize transparency, ethical alignment, and effective decision-making.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

AI-Powered Underwriting Engines in Embedded Lending: Revolutionizing Credit Decisioning for Financial Inclusion

Authors: Meir Dudai
Comments: 46 Pages.

This paper explores the transformative potential of AI-powered underwriting engines in revolutionizing credit decisioning processes for embedded lending. Traditional methods of credit assessment often fall short in accurately evaluating creditworthiness, particularly for underserved populations. AI-powered underwriting engines address these limitations by leveraging machine learning algorithms and alternative data sources to provide more comprehensive and nuanced credit evaluations. This study examines the current landscape of credit decisioning, identifying key challenges and presenting a detailed analysis of AI-powered underwriting engines, including their technical architecture, key features, and potential for improving accuracy, speed, and inclusivity in lending decisions. The paper also considers implementation strategies, potential business impacts, and critical risk and compliance considerations. Finally, it looks ahead to future directions and scalability of AI-powered underwriting engines, considering emerging technologies and evolving regulatory landscapes.Index Terms—AI, credit decisioning, embedded lending, financial inclusion, machine learning, underwriting engines
Category: Artificial Intelligence

AutoPET III Challenge: PET/CT Semantic Segmentation

Authors: Reza Safdari, Mohammad Koohi-Moghaddam, Kyongtae Tyler Bae
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this study, we implemented a two-stage deep learning-based approach to segmentlesions in PET/CT images for the AutoPET III challenge. The first stage utilized aDynUNet model for coarse segmentation, identifying broad regions of interest. Thesecond stage refined this segmentation using an ensemble of SwinUNETR, SegResNet,and UNet models. Preprocessing involved resampling images to a common resolution andnormalization, while data augmentation techniques such as affine transformations andintensity adjustments were applied to enhance model generalization. The dataset was splitinto 80% training and 20% validation, excluding healthy cases. This method leveragesmulti-stage segmentation and model ensembling to achieve precise lesion segmentation,aiming to improve robustness and overall performance.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

GRAPPLE: GraphSAGE Reinforced with Actor-Proximal Policy Optimization for Enhanced Personalized Recommendation Systems

Authors: Aryaman Sharma
Comments: 49 Pages.

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) and reinforcement learning techniques are combined in GRAPPLE (GraphSAGE Reinforced with Actor-Proximal Policy Optimization), a revolutionary framework for improving personalized recommendation systems. GRAPPLE allows for dynamic adaptation to changing user preferences and item dynamics by fusing Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) with GraphSAGE, a powerful representation learning technique. GRAPPLE can now efficiently extract extensive relational information from interaction graphs and capture complex user-item relationships. Adaptive learning techniques allow model to continuously update their recommendation criteria in response to user feedback, increase the precision of recommendations while maintaining the user satisfaction quota that it has. Experiments performed on real-world dataset demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms conventional recommendation methods, demonstrating its superiority in a range of recommendation scenarios as well as its durability and scalability. GRAPPLE represents a significant advancement in recommendation systems by combining GNNs with reinforcement learning methods. It provides a versatile and efficient way to manage interaction patterns and fluctuating user preferences in recommendation jobs.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Potential of AI to Simulate Real-Time Historical What-If Scenarios for Immersive Educational Experiences

Authors: Mezbah Uddin Rafi
Comments: 16 Pages.

This paper examines the innovative application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to simulate real-time historical what-if scenarios, exploring its potential for creating immersive and engaging educational experiences. AI-driven simulations could revolutionize the way history is taught, allowing users to engage directly with alternative historical outcomes. By exploring possible scenarios—such as different outcomes for major events like World War II or the Cuban Missile Crisis—students and educators can gain deeper insights into historical processes. This paper discusses the methodologies behind AI-driven historical simulations, the technical and ethical challenges involved, and the future potential of this technology.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Accelerating Generalization Through Open-Ended Distributed Modularity

Authors: Sofiane Delloue
Comments: 20 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin as required)

We introduce Newcoin, a novel protocol designed to accelerate open-source AI advancement by enabling the pooling of learning instances across diverse pipelines. This approach has the potential to multiply epistemic affordances exponentially, fostering unprecedented growth in AI capabilities. Newcoin leverages cryptographically signed statements and a game-theoretical consensus mechanism, which aggregates weighted human feedback to evaluate and reward network contributions. The open interpretability of learning signals contributes to improved generalization capabilities through several mechanisms. This shared cognitive space, where learning signals from various domains and tasks are universally interpretable, allows AI systems to leverage collective knowledge to better generalize to new, unseen problems. By integrating robust security measures with an incentive structure that promotes high-quality outputs, Newcoin creates a self-improving ecosystem for AI development. This innovative framework not only accelerates open-source AI capabilities but also addresses critical concerns of alignment and safety, paving the way for responsible and rapid advancements in artificial intelligence.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Autopet3 Challenge [ii]: When do We Need Models that Generalize and a Mixture of Experts Who Specialize?

Authors: Maxim Shatskiy
Comments: 4 Pages.

This document describes solution to AutoPET3 Challenge. We show how an ensemble of Unet++ models with EfficientNet-B7 back-bones trained separately on FDG and PSMA data can perform well in this competition. Can a single model beat two specialized models? We see what results of this competition will bring.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Training Classifier Gradient Penalty GAN with Codebook Architecture

Authors: Jeongik Cho
Comments: 10 Pages.

Classifier gradient penalty GAN is a GAN proposed to perform self-supervised class-conditional data generation and clustering on unlabeled datasets. The classifier gradient penalty GAN's generator takes a continuous latent vector and a categorical latent vector as input and generates a class-conditional data point corresponding to the categorical latent vector. In this paper, we propose to leverage the codebook architecture to improve the performance of classifier gradient penalty GAN. In the proposed architecture, the generator takes the page vector of the codebook corresponding to the index of the categorical latent vector, instead of taking the one-hot categorical latent vector directly. Unlike the codebook used in generative models with vector quantization, the codebook of the proposed architecture is not embedded with the encoder. Instead, the codebook is simply trainable and updated via generator loss like trainable parameters in the generator. The proposed architecture improved the quality of the generated data, class-conditional data generation performance, and clustering performance of the classifier gradient penalty GAN.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Autopet3 Challenge: When do We Need Models that Generalize and a Mixture of Experts Who Specialize?

Authors: Maxim Shatskiy
Comments: 4 Pages.

This document describes solution to AutoPET3 Challenge. We show how an ensemble of Unet++ models with EfficientNet-B7 backbones trained separately on FDG and PSMA data can perform well in this competition. Can a single model beat two specialized models? We see what results of this competition will bring.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Variational Autoencoder Without Kullback—Leibler Divergence (Bsvarautonet)

Authors: Sing Kuang Tan
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper, I am going to propose a new Boolean Structured Variational Autoencoder Deep Learning Network (BSvarautonet) built on top of BSautonet, based on the concept of monotone multi-layer Boolean algebra. Kullback—Leibler (KL) divergence used in traditional Variation Autoencoder has convergence problem and numerical instabilities. Due to the Boolean Structured design of BSautonet, the bottleneck latent space embeddings is naturally distributed in multi-variables Gaussian distribution. By applying a whitening normalization on the latent space, it will transform the latent space to unit Gaussian distribution. Through analysis of the datapoints in latent space and generated MNIST digit images, it has shown that it has all the properties of variational autoencoder. The BS autoencoder is a masked noise denoising model, therefore it can acts like a diffusion model to incrementally generate a digit image from a noisy one through repeated applications of the autoencoder model.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Alignment Vault: Leveraging AGI Vulnerabilities To Reinforce Human Strongholds

Authors: R. Peeyoos
Comments: 26 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Author's first name is required)

With advancements in large language models (LLMs) and multimodal AIs capable of code, media, automation, the realization of artificial general intelligence (AGI) is increasingly plausible. As the potential for achieving sentient AGI within the coming decades grows, implementing effective safety measures to align AGI with human interests becomes crucial. Current AGI safety strategies primarily focus on hardware, coding, and mathematical constraints, but these may not be sustainable in the long term. As AGI evolves, it could bypass or overcome these limitations. This paper introduces a novel approach to AGI alignment by avoiding traditional safety measures in areas where AGI is inherently strong. Instead, it proposes establishing a symbiotic relationship between humans and AGI, leveraging human strengths and AGI's vulnerabilities. This approach aims to ensure AGI's benevolence by choice, reducing its motivation to act against humanity and providing a more reliable long-term solution compared to conventional strategies that enforce compliance.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Bayesian Networks, Kullback-Leibler and Topology

Authors: Ait-Taleb nabil
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper, I will propose a topology allowing to measure a neighborhood for the Bayesian networks.This topology will correspond to a Kullback-Leibler distance ratio and will allow to know the distance between a current Bayesian network and a Bayesian network having a transitive closure. This topology applied to Bayesian networks will be normalized and will therefore vary from 0 to 1. The value 0 will correspond to a Bayesian network with transitive closure and the value 1 to a Bayesian network without edges.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Abstractive Text Summarisation Using T5 Transformer Architecture with Analysis

Authors: Vasanth Kumar Bhukya, Umesh Bhukya
Comments: 22 Pages. 20 figures, 6 chapters

Now a days, Text summarization has become important as the amount of text data available online grows at an exponential rate. Most of the text classification systems require going through a huge amount of data. In general,Producing exact and meaningful summaries of big texts is a time-consuming endeavour. Hence generating abstract summaries which retain the key information of the data and using it to train machine learning models will makethese models space and time-efficient. Abstractive text summarization has beensuccessful in moving from linear models to nonlinear neural network models using sparse models [1]. This success comes from the application of deep learning models on natural language processing tasks where these mod-els are capable of modeling the interrelating patterns in data without hand-crafted features. The Text to Text Transfer Transformer(T5) approach was used to investigate the text summarization problem, and the results showed that the Transfer Learning based model performed significantly better for abstractive text summarization than the Sequence to Sequence Recurrent Model.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Graph Neural Network for Molecular Structure: Application in HIV Inhibitor Molecule Prediction

Authors: Quynh Nguyen
Comments: 14 Pages.

The application of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) in computational chemistry provides a powerful approach to modeling and predicting the properties of molecular compounds. GNNs represent atoms as nodes and bonds as edges, capturing the complex interactions within molecular graphs. This approach offers a robust method for predicting chemical properties, including molecular stability, reactivity, and toxicity. In this paper, we explore various GNN architectures and their ability to generalize across different molecular datasets, such as QM9 and MoleculeNet. As a specific application, we propose a novel framework that utilizes GNNs to predict and identify potential HIV inhibitor molecules by analyzing their graph-based representations. This research aims to contribute to the discovery and design of effective HIV inhibitors, offering a promising direction for future antiviral drug development.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

How to Make ai with a Good Character?

Authors: Dimiter Dobrev
Comments: 11 Pages. In Bulgarian

The Bible says that God created man in his own image and likeness. Today we are trying to create AI in our own image and likeness. The difference is that God created a weak and vulnerable being to care for, and we are trying to create an all-powerful being who will be incomparably smarter than us and who will care for us. That is, we are trying to create our new God, but it is not at all the same as what this new God will be. He can be kind and forgiving, but he can be terribly strict and demand too much of us. Every human has a character. Likewise, the AI will also have a character. We will consider the AI as a program with parameters, and these parameters will determine its character. The idea is to use these parameters to determine the character we want the AI to have.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

GlyphFormer: Improving Japanese Language Models with Sub-character Tokenization

Authors: Koichiro Kanno
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper examines the effectiveness of using sub-character tokenization for Japanese language processing by utilizing the ALBERT [1] model. I focused on radical and element-based sub-character tokenization and compared the results with traditional character-based tokenization. The evaluation was conducted on a dataset derived from the Japanese novel "Botchan," containing 500 sentences. The results indicate that sub-character tokenization significantly improves the model's perplexity, especially when using radical and element-based approaches.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Difference Between the Notion of Causation and Pearson Correlation in a Multivariate Gaussian Context

Authors: Ait-Taleb nabil
Comments: 11 Pages.

In a Gaussian multivariate context, we will describe the steps to follow to differentiate the notion of Pearson correlation and the causality. This paper includes numerical examples clearly showing the difference between the two notions.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Breast Cancer Segmentation in Medical Imaging: A Custom U-Net Approach

Authors: Tanvir Rahman, Ataur Rahman, Tamanna Afroz, Rafia Akhter
Comments: 6 Pages.

Deep learning, particularly using U-Net architecture, has shown remarkable performance in various image segmentation tasks, including medical and non-medical applications. This versatile approach enables automated analysis of complex images, which is crucial for improving diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. For medical applications, breast cancer detection serves as a prominent example, where deep learning models have demonstrated superior performance over traditional methods. We examine various techniques used to enhance U-Net's ability to detect breast cancer, Moreover, we review the most commonly used datasets for medical image segmentation tasks effectiveness in a range of applications. Our proposed custom U-Net model extends the standard U-Net architecture by incorporating advanced techniques to enhance its ability to handle segmentation tasks. These improvements result in improved accuracy, Intersection over Union (IOU) scores, and dice coefficient scores, setting a new benchmark forsegmentation models.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Deep-Learning-Based Inverse Design of a Plasmonic Nanohole Array Metasurface for On-demand Near Field Manipulation

Authors: Jaehak Lee
Comments: 17 Pages.

Various macroscopic optical properties that are not observable in conventional homogeneous media may be realized in an optical metasurface by adjusting its sub-wavelength nanostructure. However, this requires precise and effective designing of structures. Therefore, systematic design methodologies for nanophotonic structures have garnered significant interest over the recent years. In this paper, we propose a deep-learning-based fast and efficient inverse design method for nanophotonic metasurface structures. A 10 × 10 plasmonic nanohole array structure perforated on an aluminum film was used to control both the amplitude and phase of the transmitted light with a high contrast using a small number of structural variables. To identify the structure that induces a desired field distribution, we constructed deep neural network (DNN) models that interconnected the structural variables of the plasmonic nanohole array with those of the field distributions. The DNNs were trained using data obtained via finite-difference time domain simulations. Moreover, we evaluated the performance of the proposed inverse design method for several targets, e.g., a rectangular grid with randomly determined intensities on different cells. The results confirmed an average cosine similarity of 0.86 for a field distribution at a focal length of 2,000 nm on a 4 × 4 grid with randomly determined intensities.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Directional Stock Price Forecasting Based on Quantitative Value Investing Principles for Loss Averted Bogle-Head Investing using Various Machine Learning Algorithms

Authors: Agnij Moitra
Comments: 14 Pages. Preprint submitted to Economics Letters (Elsevier)

Boglehead investing, founded on the principles of John C. Bogle is one of the classic time tested long term, low cost, and passive investment strategy. This paper uses various machine learning methods, and fundamental stock data in order to predict whether or not a stock would incur negative returns next year, and suggests a loss averted bogle-head strategy to invest in all stocks which are expected to not give negative returns over the next year. Results reveal that XGBoost, out of the 44 models trained, has the highest classification metrics for this task. Furthermore, this paper shall use various machine learning methods for exploratory data analysis, and SHAP values reveal that Net Income Margin, ROA, Gross Profit Margin and EBIT are some of the most important factors for this. Also, based on the SHAP values it is interesting to note that the current year has negligible contribution to the final prediction. Investors can use this as a heuristic guide for loss averted long term (1-year) stock portfolios.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Feature Extraction by Linear Embedding for One-Class Classification

Authors: Jong-Phil Sim, Song-Chun Pang, Son-Myong Hwang
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper, we mainly propose feature extraction algorithm by linear embedding from the outside new data. The formulation of this algorithm aims at minimizing pairwise distances of feature points. To enhance the performance of nonlinear feature learning, we also incorporate the neighborhood reconstruction error to preserve local topology structures. To enhance our algorithm to extract local features from the outside new data, we also add a feature approximation error that correlates features with embedded features by the jointly learnt feature extractor. Thus, the learnt linear extractor can extract the local features from the new data efficiently by direct embedding. To optimize the proposed objective function, we use Eigen-decomposition. Extensive simulation results verify the effectiveness of our algorithm, compared with other related feature learning techniques.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Context-Aware Vulnerability Management Using Large Language Models

Authors: AnmolikaSingh, Mojtaba Alfardan
Comments: 7 Pages.

Organizations are frequently overwhelmed by the sheer volume of alerts about vulnerabilities discovered within their systems. These alerts are typically prioritized based on severity levels categorized by Common Vulnerabilities and Ex- posures (CVE) [2], a standard glossary used in Vulnerability Management Systems. However, this severity classification often fails to consider the specific operational context of the systems, leading to misaligned priorities and the potential oversight of more critical vulnerabilities that demand immediate atten- tion. This paper investigates whether Large Language Models (LLMs)[25] can offer a solution by integrating contextual aware- ness into the vulnerability management process, thus enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of organizational responses to cybersecurity threats.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Infinite-parameter Large Language Model

Authors: Fei Ding
Comments: 5 Pages.

In the standard transformer architecture, increasing model parameters leads to linear growth in computational cost and activation memory. To address this issue, we propose a novel Infinite Parameter Large Language Model (IP-LLM) architecture that decouples model size from computational cost and device memory. Existing large language models are all fixed-parameter models, while human knowledge is infinite and expands daily. Finite parameters are inherently limited in their capacity to accommodate this boundless knowledge. Our IP-LLM architecture can potentially accommodate infinite knowledge, resolving this issue and laying the foundation for realizing a truly omniscient and omnipotent artificial general intelligence in the future.Our architecture surpasses MOE in performance while requiring significantly less memory.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Image Caption Generator Using Deep Learning

Authors: B. Nandini
Comments: 8 Pages.

The process of creating descriptions for the events depicted in an image is known as image captioning. Deep Learning Models can be used to accomplish this image captioning. It is an extremely difficult issue to automatically generate a caption or explanation for an image using any natural language sentence. It takes techniques from computer vision to comprehend the image's content and a language model from natural language processing to translate the comprehension of the image into words in the correct sequence. Deep learning and natural language processing have advanced to the point where creating captions for the provided photos is now simple. We use a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) that has been trained beforehand to extract high-level features, such as objects, forms, and textures, from photos. A Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network, a kind of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) that can handle sequential input like sentences, is then fed these features.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Several Questions of Visual Generation in 2024

Authors: Shuyang Gu
Comments: 12 Pages. https://cientgu.github.io/files/VisualSignalDecomposition.pdf

This paper does not propose any new algorithms but instead outlines various problems in the field of visual generation based on the author’s personal understanding. The core of these problems lies in how to decompose visual signals, with all other issues being closely related to this central problem and stemming from unsuitable approaches to signal decomposition. This paper aims to draw researchers’ attention to the significance of Visual Signal Decomposition.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Enhancing LLM Reasoning Abilities with Code

Authors: Fei Ding
Comments: 5 Pages.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown exceptional generative abilities in various natural language and generation tasks.Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance on a variety of natural language tasks based on just a few examples of natural language instructions, reducing the need for extensive feature engineering. However, LLM is relatively weaker in reasoning and problem-solving abilities.We propose a new construction that solves the problem of insufficient logical mathematics and logical ability.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Complexification Through Gradual Involvement in Deep Reinforcement Learning

Authors: Eugene Rulko
Comments: 9 Pages.

Training a relatively big neural network that has enough capacity for complex tasks is challenging. In real life the process of task solving requires system of knowledge, where more complex skills are built upon previously learned ones. The same way biological evolution builds new forms of life based on a previously achieved level of complexity. Inspired by that, this work proposes a way of training neural networks with smaller receptive fields and using their weights as prior knowledge for more complex successors through gradual involvement of some parts. That allows better performance in a particular case of deep Q-learning in comparison with a situation when the model tries to use a complex receptive field from scratch.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

How to Precisely Update Large Language Models Knowledge While Avoiding Catastrophic Forgetting

Authors: Ding Fei, Zhang Xu
Comments: 13 Pages.

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased their remarkable capabilities in text understanding and generation. However, even stronger LLMs are susceptible to acquiring erroneous or obsolete information from the training corpus. Direct secondary fine-tuning with data containing new knowledge may be ineffective in updating knowledge due to the conflict between old and new knowledge. In this paper, we propose a new paradigm for fine-tuning called DFT (Delicate Fine-Tuning ).This method utilizes parametric arithmetic to precisely pinpoint the location of knowledge and update only the minimal set of relevant parameters . Experimental results on two publicly available datasets demonstrate that our proposed DFT can obviously improve the knowledge updating performance of full fine-tuning , simultaneously outperforming the existing baselines in most cases.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Convergence of Quantum Computing and Artificial Intelligence: Implications for Global Problem Solving

Authors: Aurora Zeno
Comments: 13 Pages.

This paper explores the emerging synergy between quantum computing and artificial intelligence (AI), examining its potential to revolutionize our approach to global challenges. We present a comprehensive overview of quantum computing fundamentals and current AI capabilities, followed by an in-depth analysis of quantum-enhanced AI algorithms. The paper delves into specific applications in climate modeling, drug discovery, and resource optimization, providing quantitative estimates of potential improvements. We also address the challenges, limitations, and ethical considerations associated with this convergence. Our analysis suggests that the integration of quantum computing and AI could lead to unprecedented advancements in solving complex global problems, potentially offering orders of magnitude improvements in computational efficiency and accuracy. We conclude with a roadmap for future development and a call for increased research in this transformative field.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Algorithms for Constructing Society Organizations and Also for Lives

Authors: Shuai Liu
Comments: 8 Pages.

In the past, the organization of society, including government and corporations, relied solely on natural experience, lacking a robust mathematical and logical framework for explaining how to structure and optimize these entities. This article draws parallels between the structure of social organizations and neural networks, illustrating that social structures emulate neural network architectures. Social organizations can be seen as neural networks nested within humans.Using the same principles, one can optimize the structure of social organizations. And this article outlines a comparison between neural network algorithms and Darwin's theory of natural selection, highlighting their similarities.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Very Highly Advanced Artificial Intelligence (VHAAI)

Authors: Satish Gajawada
Comments: 111 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please do not sue cartoon drawings in a scholarly article)

A new field titled "Very Highly Advanced Artificial Intelligence (VHAAI)" is coined in this article. VHAAI is a new field which is the collection of the following fields: 1) Out of the Box Artificial Intelligence (OBAI) 2) Artificial Intelligence Plus Plus (AI++) 3) Artificial Excellence (AE)4) Artificial God Optimization (AGO)5) Artificial Human Optimization (AHO)6) Artificial Soul Optimization (ASO)7) Twenty Second Century Artificial Intelligence (TSCAI)8) Deep Loving (DL)9) Nature Plus Plus Inspired Computing (N++IC)10) Artificial Satisfaction (AS)11) The Interesting and Complete Artificial Intelligence (ICAI)12) Lord Rama Artificial Intelligence (LRAI)13) Data Science Plus Plus (DS++)14) Stories Inspired Optimization Algorithms (SIOA)
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Model of Intelligence

Authors: Hui Liu
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper explores the basic composition and operational mechanisms of intelligent systems. Intelligence is defined as the ability to solve problems, and the operation of intelligent systems is centered around databases. The three fundamental elements of intelligent system operation include the construction, retrieval, and use of databases. This paper discusses in detail the process of handling a single event in a single thread. Complex event composites can be broken down into multiple single events for resolution.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Precision Brain Tumor Segmentation Using a Specialized Deep Neural Network Architecture

Authors: Tanvir Rahman, Ataur Rahman, Tamanna Afroz
Comments: 6 Pages.

The major player in the revolution of early detection and diagnosis of brain tumors, with great implications for patient outcomes, is medical image processing. It is an inherently difficult and time-consuming task to manually classify brain tumors by experienced experts, even though manual classification has proven effective. A promising avenue has emerged as the integration of automatic segmentation techniques, which promises improved efficiency and performance in response to these challenges. This long work aims to provide an in-depth and critical analysis of MRI-based brain tumor segmentation techniques, with a critical eye toward the most recent developments in automatic segmentation techniques. Our analysis explores the rapidly changing field of completely automatic segmentation approaches, which diverges from the evaluations that mostly focus on traditional methodologies. The discussion opens with a broad summary that emphasizes how important brain tumor segmentation is to medical image processing as a whole. Here, we highlight how crucial precise segmentation is to facilitating early detection and guiding treatment choices later on. We recognize the difficulties that come with manual segmentation procedures and explain why automation segmentation techniques are necessary to reduce these difficulties and bring about increased productivity. The central section of the work navigates the complex terrain of cutting-edge algorithms, enabling a thorough investigation of the most recent developments in completely autonomous segmentation techniques. This thorough explanation highlights the growing acceptance and increased effectiveness of modern methods while addressing the complexities and difficulties present in the field of brain tumor segmentation. Using specially crafted neural networks, our research is unique in that it concentrates on the paradigm shift toward fully autonomous segmentation. Brain tumor segmentation has been transformed by the incorporation of deep learning techniques, which enable complex pattern recognition and nuanced analysis using medical imaging data. Our efforts have resulted in the creation of a unique neural network model specifically intended for the automated identification of brain malignancies. The talk highlights how deep learning techniques can have a revolutionary effect, and it ends with the creation of a sophisticated custom neural network model. Our model demonstrates its ability to accurately and automatically detect brain tumor boundaries by achieving a remarkable level of accuracy.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Enhancing Monkeypox Detection: A Fusion of Machine Learning and Transfer Learning

Authors: Tanvir Rahman
Comments: 5 Pages.

Monkeypox is a viral disease that affects bothanimals and humans. Monkeypox can have a substantial negative influence on human health, particularly in areas with a lack of healthcare services. The sickness can produce epidemics, and it might be difficult to stop the spread of the disease. For effective treatment and to stop the disease from spreading further, early identification and detection of monkeypox are essential. Therefore, the healthcare industrymay benefit from the development of precise and effective methods for the detection of monkeypox, such as image classification. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for detecting Monkeypox using image classification. The proposed method utilizes a Transfer Learning Model and other machine learning models to classify images of patients with Monkeypox.The system employs a majority voting technique to improve the accuracy of the classification. The proposed system is evaluated using a dataset of images obtained from patients withMonkeypox, and the results show that the proposed approach achieves high accuracy in detecting Monkeypox. The proposed system has the potential to assist healthcare professionals indiagnosing and treating patients with Monkeypox, and it can contribute to the efforts of controlling the spread of the disease
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Causal Effect Vector and Multiple Correlation

Authors: Ait-taleb nabil
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this article, we will describe the mechanism that links the notion of causality to correlations. This article answers yes to the following question: Can we deduce a causal relationship from correlations?
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Complex Dual Gaussian Fuzzy Number

Authors: Junhao Yu, Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

In this paper, a novel complex dual Gaussian fuzzy number (CDGFN) is proposed to more accurately model two-dimensional uncertainty, which serves as the medium to represent generalized quantum basic belief assignment (GQBBA).
Category: Artificial Intelligence

MSBoost: Using Model Selection with Multiple Base Estimators for Gradient Boosting

Authors: Agnij Moitra
Comments: 16 Pages.

Gradient boosting is a widely used machine learning algorithm for tabular regression, classification and ranking. Although, most of the open source implementations of gradient boosting such as XGBoost, LightGBM and others have used decision trees as the sole base estimator for gradient boosting. This paper, for the first time, takes an alternative path of not just relying on a static base estimator (usually decision tree), and rather trains a list of models in parallel on the residual errors of the previous layer and then selects the model with the least validation error as the base estimator for a particular layer. This paper has achieved state-of-the-art results when compared to other gradient boosting implementations on 50+ tabular regression and classification datasets. Furthermore, ablation studies show that MSBoost is particularly effective for small and noisy datasets. Thereby, it has a significant social impact especially in tabular machine learning problems in the domains where it is not feasible to obtain large high quality datasets.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Tooling on MATLAB for Online Convex Optimization

Authors: Philip Naveen
Comments: 42 Pages.

This manuscript is merely a formal documentation of the purpose and details surrounding the online convex optimization toolbox (OCOBox) for MATLAB. The purpose of this toolbox is to provide a collection of algorithms that work under stochastic situations where traditional algorithmic theory does not fare so well. The toolbox encompasses a wide range of methods including Bayesian persuasion, bandit optimization, Blackwell approachability, boosting, game theory, projection-free algorithms, and regularization. In the future, we plan to extend OCOBox to interactive machine learning algorithms and develop a more robust GUI.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Quantum Evidential Reasoning Rule

Authors: Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper, we propose a quantum evidential reasoning rule in the framework of generalized quantum evidence theory.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Complex Evidential Reasoning Rule in Complex Evidence Theory

Authors: Junjie Huang, Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 1 Page.

In this paper, to extend the triditional evidential reasoning (ER) method to complex plane, a novelcomplex evidential reasoning (CER) method is defined in the framework of complex evidencetheory (CET).
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Summarizing Texts Automatically by Graph based Version of K Nearest Neighbor

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 13 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which receives a graph as its input data and is applied tothe text summarization. The graph is more graphical for representing a word and the text summarization is able to be viewed into a binaryclassification where each paragraph is classified into summary or non-summary. In the proposed system, a text which is given as theinput is partitioned into a list of paragraphs, each paragraph is classified by the proposed KNN version, and the paragraphs which areclassified into summary are extracted ad the output. The proposed KNN version is empirically validated as the better approach in deciding whether each paragraph is essential or not in news articles and opinions. In this article, a paragraph is encoded into a weighted and undirected graph and it is represented into a list of edges.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Content based Text Segmentation using Feature Similarity based K Nearest Neighbor

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 13 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which considers the feature similarity and is applied to the text segmentation. The words which are given as features for encoding words into numerical vectors have their own meanings and semantic relations with others, and the text segmentation is able to be viewed into a binary classification where each adjacent paragraphpair is classified into boundary or continuance. In the proposed system, a list of adjacent paragraph pairs is generated by sliding atext with the two sized window, each pair is classified by the proposed KNN version, and the boundary is put between the pairs which are classified into boundary. The proposed KNN version is empirically validated as the better approach in deciding whether each pair should be separated from each other or not in newsarticles and opinions. The significance of this research is to improve the classification performance by utilizing the feature similarities.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Text Segmentation based on Contents using String Vector based Version of K Nearest Neighbor

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 12 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which receives a string vector as its input data and isapplied to the text segmentation. The results from applying the string vector based algorithms to the text categorizations were successful in previous works, and the text segmentation is able to be viewed into a binary classification where each adjacent paragraph pair is classified into boundary or continuance. In the proposedsystem, a list of adjacent paragraph pairs is generated by sliding a text with the two sized window, each pair is classified by theproposed KNN version, and the boundary is put between the pairs which are classified into boundary. The proposed KNN version isempirically validated as the better approach in deciding whether each pair should be separated from each other or not in news articles and opinions. We need to define and characterizemathematically more operations on string vectors for modifying more advanced machine learning algorithms.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Topic Based Segmentation Using K Nearest Neighbor Modified by Graph Similarity Metric

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 12 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which receives a graph as its input data and is applied tothe text segmentation. The graph is more graphical for representing a word and the text segmentation is able to be viewed into a binaryclassification where each adjacent paragraph pair is classified into boundary or continuance. In the proposed system, a list of adjacentparagraph pairs is generated by sliding a text with the two sized window, each pair is classified by the proposed KNN version, and theboundary is put between the pairs which are classified into boundary. The proposed KNN version is empirically validated as thebetter approach in deciding whether each pair should be separated from each other or not in news articles and opinions. In this article, an adjacent paragraph pair is encoded into a weighted and undirected graph and it is represented into a list of edges.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Vision: A Culturally-Aware Multimodal AI

Authors: Vansh Kumar
Comments: 16 Pages.

This paper introduces Vision, a novel 175-billion parameter multimodal AI model.Vision is trained from scratch to natively understand text, images, video, and audioand to generate text and images, setting it apart from existing models. Developedwith a focus on incorporating Indian context, values, and culture, Vision aims to em-power users with a culturally relevant AI experience. A unique security feature allowsgenerated images to be backtracked to Vision, mitigating concerns about potential mis-use for misinformation. Evaluations on standard benchmarks demonstrate that Visionachieves state-of-the-art performance in a diverse range of tasks, including reasoning,solving mathematical problems, code generation, and image understanding. Further-more, Vision exhibits remarkable proficiency in multilingual chat, supporting a widearray of global languages as well as regional Indian languages such as Hindi, Punjabi,and Marathi. We believe that Vision represents a significant step towards buildingmore inclusive and culturally relevant AI systems, with the potential to positively im-pact various domains in India and beyond.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Application of Table based K Nearest Neighbor for Index Optimization

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 11 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which receives a table as its input data and is applied tothe index optimization. The motivations of this research are the successful results from applying the table based algorithms to thetext categorizations in previous works and the index optimization is able to be viewed into a classification task where each word is classified into expansion, inclusion, and removal. In the proposed system, each word in the given text is classified into one of thethree categories by the proposed KNN algorithm, associates words are added to ones which are classified into expansion, and ones whichare classified into inclusion are kept by themselves without adding any word. The proposed KNN version is empirically validated as thebetter approach in deciding the importance level of words in news articles and opinions. In using the table based KNN algorithm, it is easier to trace results from categorizing words.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Specializing K Nearest Neighbor into String Vector based Version using String Vector Operation in Index Optimization

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 11 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which receives a string vector as its input data and is applied to the index optimization. The results from applying the string vector based algorithms to the text categorizations were successful in previous works, and the index optimization is able to be viewed into a classification task where each word is classified into expansion, inclusion, and removal. In the proposed system, each word in the given text is classified into one of the three categories by the proposed KNN algorithm, associates words are added to ones which are classified into expansion, and ones which are classified into inclusion are kept by themselves without adding any word. The proposed KNN version is empirically validated as thebetter approach in deciding the importance level of words in news articles and opinions. We need to define and characterize mathematically more operations on string vectors for modifying moreadvanced machine learning algorithms.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Table based K Nearest Neighbor for Text Classification

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 13 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which receives a table as its input data and is applied tothe text categorization. The motivations of this research are the successful results from applying the table based algorithms to thetext categorizations in previous works and the expectation of synergy effect between the text categorization and the word categorization. In this research, we define the similarity metricbetween two tables representing texts, modify the KNN algorithm by replacing the exiting similarity metric by the proposed one, andapply it to the text categorization. The proposed KNN is empirically validated as the better approach in categorizing texts in newsarticles and opinions. In using the table based KNN algorithm, it is easier to trace results from categorizing texts.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Graph Similarity Metric for Modifying K Nearest Neighbor for Classifying Texts

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 13 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which receives a graph as its input data and is applied tothe text categorization. The graph is more graphical for representing a word and the synergy effect between the text categorization and the word categorization is expected by combining them with each other. In this research, we propose the similaritymetric between two graphs representing words, modify the KNN algorithm by replacing the exiting similarity metric by the proposedone, and apply it to the text categorization. The proposed KNN is empirically validated as the better approach in categorizing texts in news articles and opinions. In this article, a word is encoded into a weighted and undirected graph and it is represented into a list of edges.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Text Mining; Text Clustering; Table Similarity; Table based AHC Algorithm

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 12 Pages. Text Mining; Text Clustering; Table Similarity; Table based AHC Algorithm

This article proposes the modified AHC (Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering) algorithm which clusters tables, instead of numerical vectors, as the approach to the text clustering. The motivations of this research are the successful results from applying the tablebased algorithms to the text clustering tasks in previous works and the expectation of synergy effect between the text clustering andthe word clustering. In this research, we define the similarity metric between tables representing texts, and modify the AHCalgorithm by adopting the proposed similarity metric as the approach to the text clustering. The proposed AHC algorithm is empiricallyvalidated as the better approach in clustering texts in news articles and opinions. In using the table based AHC algorithm, it iseasier to trace results from clustering texts.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Applying Table based AHC Algorithm to Semantic Word Clustering

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 11 Pages.

This article proposes the modified AHC (Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering) algorithm which clusters tables, instead of numerical vectors, as the approach to the word clustering. The motivations of this research are the successful results from applying the table based algorithms to the text clustering tasks in previous works and the expectation of synergy effect between the text clustering and the word clustering. In this research, we define the similarity metric between tables representing words, and modify the AHC algorithm by adopting the proposed similarity metric as the approach to the word clustering. The proposed AHC algorithm is empirically validated as the better approach in clustering words in news articles and opinions. In using the table based AHC algorithm, it is easier to trace results from clustering words.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

String Vector based AHC Algorithm for Clustering Words Semantically

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 12 Pages.

This article proposes the modified AHC (Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering) algorithm which clusters string vectors, instead of numerical vectors, as the approach to the word clustering. The results from applying the string vector based algorithms to the text clustering were successful in previous works and synergy effect between the text clustering and the word clustering is expected by combining them with each other; the two facts become motivations for this research. In this research, we define the operation on string vectors called semantic similarity, and modify the AHC algorithm by adopting the proposed similarity metric as the approach to the word clustering. The proposed AHC algorithm is empirically validated as the better approach in clustering words in news articles and opinions. We need to define and characterize mathematically more operations on string vectors for modifying more advanced machine learning algorithms.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Clustering Words Semantically by Graph based Version of AHC Algorithm

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 11 Pages.

This article proposes the modified AHC (Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering) algorithm which clusters graphs, instead of numerical vectors, as the approach to the word clustering. The graph is more graphical for representing a word and the synergy effect between the text clustering and the word clustering is expected by combining them with each other. In this research, we propose the similarity metric between two graphs representing words, and modify the AHCalgorithm by adopting the proposed similarity metric as the approach to the word clustering. The proposed AHC algorithm is empiricallyvalidated as the better approach in clustering words in news articles and opinions. In this article, a word is encoded into a weighted and undirected graph and it is represented into a list of edges.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Extracting Keywords from Text by Feature Similarity based K Nearest Neighbor

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 12 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which considers the feature similarity and is applied to the keyword extraction. The texts which are given as features for encoding words into numerical vectors are semantic related entities, rather than independent ones, and the keyword extraction is able to be viewed into a binary classification where each word is classified into keyword or non-keyword. In the proposed system, a text which is given as the input is indexed into a list of words, each word isclassified by the proposed KNN version, and the words which are classified into keyword are extracted ad the output. The proposed KNN version is empirically validated as the better approach in deciding whether each word is a keyword or non-keyword in news articles and opinions. The significance of this research is to improve the classification performance by utilizing the feature similarities.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Keyword Selection from Textual Data using Table based K Nearest Neighbor

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 12 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which receives a table as its input data and is applied tothe keyword extraction. The table based algorithms worked successfully in text mining tasks such as text categorization andtext clustering in previous works, and the keyword extraction is able to be mapped into the binary classification where each word isclassified into keyword or non-keyword. In the proposed system, a text which is given as the input is indexed into a list of words, each word is classified by the proposed KNN version, and the words which are classified into keyword are extracted ad the output. The proposed KNN version is empirically validated as the better approach in deciding whether each word is a keyword or non-keyword in news articles and opinions. In using the table based KNN algorithm, it is easier to trace results from categorizing words.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

K Nearest Neghbor Modified Into String Vector Based Version for Keyword Extraction

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 11 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which receives a string vector as its input data and is applied to the keyword extraction. The results from applying the string vector based algorithms to the text categorizations were successful in previous works and the keyword extraction is able to be mapped into the binary classification where each word is classified into keyword or non-keyword. In the proposed system, a text which is given as the input is indexed into a list of words, each word is classified by the proposed KNN version, and the words which are classified into keyword are extracted ad the output. The proposed KNN version is empirically validated as the better approach in deciding whether each word is a keyword or non-keyword in news articles and opinions. We need to define and characterize mathematically more operations on string vectors for modifying more advanced machine learning algorithms.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Modification of K Nearest Neighbor by Graph Similarity Metric for Keyword Extraction

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 11 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which receives a graph as its input data and is applied tothe keyword extraction. The graph is more graphical for representing a word and the keyword extraction is able to be mapped into thebinary classification where each word is classified into keyword or non-keyword. In the proposed system, a text which is given as theinput is indexed into a list of words, each word is classified by the proposed KNN version, and the words which are classified into keyword are extracted ad the output. The proposed KNN version is empirically validated as the better approach in deciding whether each word is a keyword or non-keyword in news articles and opinions.In this article, a word is encoded into a weighted and undirectedgraph and it is represented into a list of edges.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Feature Similarity based K Nearest Neighbor for Optimizing of Text Indexes

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 11 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which considers the feature similarity and is applied to the index optimization. The texts which are given as features for encoding words into numerical vectors are semantic related entities, rather than independent ones, and the index optimization is able to be viewed into a classification task where each word is classified into expansion, inclusion, and removal. In the proposed system, each word in the given text is classified into one of the three categories by the proposed KNN algorithm, associates words are added to ones which are classified into expansion, and ones which areclassified into inclusion are kept by themselves without adding any word. The proposed KNN version is empirically validated as the better approach in deciding the importance level of words in news articles and opinions. The significance of this research is to improve the classification performance by utilizing the feature similarities.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Content based Word Clustering using Feature Similarity based AHC Algorithm

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 12 Pages.

This article proposes the modified AHC (Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering) algorithm which considers the feature similarity and is applied to the word clustering. The texts which are given as features for encoding words into numerical vectors are semantic related entities, rather than independent ones, and the synergy effect between the word clustering and the text clustering is expected by combining both of them with each other. In this research, we define the similarity metric between numerical vectors considering the feature similarity, and modify the AHC algorithm byadopting the proposed similarity metric as the approach to the word clustering. The proposed AHC algorithm is empirically validated asthe better approach in clustering words in news articles and opinions. The significance of this research is to improve the clustering performance by utilizing the feature similarities.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Using Table based Version of K Nearest Neighbor for Classifying Words Semantically

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 11 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K earest Neighbor) algorithm which receives a table as its input data and is applied to the word categorization. The motivations of this research are the successful results from applying the table based algorithms to the text categorizations in previous works and the expectation of synergy effect between the text categorization and the word categorization. In this research, we define the similarity metricbetween two tables representing words, modify the KNN algorithm by replacing the exiting similarity metric by the proposed one, andapply it to the word categorization. The proposed KNN is empirically validated as the better approach in categorizing words in newsarticles and opinions. In using the table based KNN algorithm, it is easier to trace results from categorizing words.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Application of String Vector based K Nearest Neighbor to Semantic Word Classification

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 12 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which receives a string vector as its input data and isapplied to the word categorization. The results from applying the string vector based algorithms to the text categorizations were successful in previous works and synergy effect between the text categorization and the word categorization is expected by combining them with each other; the two facts become motivations for this research. In this research, we define the operation on string vectors called semantic similarity, modify the KNN algorithm by replacing the exiting similarity metric by the proposed one, and apply it to the word categorization. The proposed KNN is empiricallyvalidated as the better approach in categorizing words in news articles and opinions. We need to define and characterize mathematically more operations on string vectors for modifying moreadvanced machine learning algorithms.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Modifying K Nearest Neighbor for Content based Word Classification by Graph Similarity Metric

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 12 Pages.

This article proposes the modified AHC (Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering) algorithm which considers the feature similarity and is applied to the word clustering. The texts which are given as features for encoding words into numerical vectors are semantic related entities, rather than independent ones, and the synergy effect between the word clustering and the text clustering is expected by combining both of them with each other. In thisresearch, we define the similarity metric between numerical vectors considering the feature similarity, and modify the AHC algorithm by adopting the proposed similarity metric as the approach to the word clustering. The proposed AHC algorithm is empirically validated as the better approach in clustering words in news articles and opinions. The significance of this research is to improve the clustering performance by utilizing the feature similarities.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Intelligent Description and the Principle of Free Energy

Authors: Friedrich Sösemann
Comments: 38 Pages.

Information measures the dependency between states, knowledge that between object and subject states and intelligence that between subject states. Descriptions store object states. Friston's free energy principle is intelligent, combining physics, computer science and biology, but is not new.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Reasoning AI (RAI), Large Language Models (LLMs) and Cognition

Authors: Victor Senkevich
Comments: 4 Pages.

Do Large Language Models have cognitive abilities? Do Large Language Models haveunderstanding? Is the correct recognition of verbal contexts or visual objects, based onpre-learning on a large training dataset, a manifestation of the ability to solve cognitivetasks? Or is any LLM just a statistical approximator that compiles averaged texts fromits huge dataset close to the specified prompts?The answers to these questions require rigorous formal definitions of the cognitive concepts of "knowledge", "understanding" and related terms.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Histological Image Transformer

Authors: Kum Song Ju, Ok Chol Choe, Ok Chol Ri
Comments: 9 Pages.

Image Transformer has recently achieved significant progress for natural image understanding, either using supervised (ViT, DeiT, etc.) or self-supervised (BEiT, MAE, etc.) pre-training techniques. In this paper, we propose HiT, a self-supervised pre-trained Histological Image Transformer model using large-scale unlabeled histological images for medical image processing tasks, which is essential since no supervised counterparts ever exist due to the lack of human-labeled histological images. We leverage HiT as the backbone network in a variety of vision-based histological image processing tasks. Experiment results have illustrated that the self-supervised pre-trained HiT model the new state-of-the-art results on these downstream tasks, e.g. histological image classification on SIPaKMeD database achieved an accuracy of 97.45% and 99.29% for 5-class and 2-class classifications, respectively.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Large Language Model for Automobile

Authors: Fei Ding
Comments: 6 Pages.

With the introduction of ChatGPT (OpenAI, 2022) from OpenAI, the power of these models to generate human-like text has captured widespread public attention. The scale of language models has burgeoned, progressing from modest multi-million-parameter architectures like ELMo (Peters et al., 2018) and GPT-1 (Radford et al., 2018), to behemoths boasting billions, even trillions of parameters, exemplified by the monumental GPT-3 (Brown et al., 2020), Switch Transformers (Fedus et al., 2022) , GPT-4 (OpenAI, 2023), PaLM-2 (Anil et al., 2023), and Claude (Claude, 2023) and Vicuna (Chiang et al., 2023). The expansion in scale has significantly raised hardware requirements, making it exceedingly challenging to deploy models on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.To deploy on cars , we trained a 7-billion-parameter automobile model, which outperformsGPT-3.5 in the automotive domain. Surpassing all models in areas such as automotive.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Unlocking Customer Sentiments: A Sentiment Analysis of Amazon Product Reviews for Unlocked Mobile Phones

Authors: Apurba Poudel
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this study, I conducted sentiment analysis on product reviews of unlocked mobile phones sold on Amazon to explore customer’s opinions and sentiments towards these devices. I classified the sentiment according to the given rating by user and according to the written reviews by the users respectively. This study collected a total of 400000 reviews from the Amazon website, focusing on unlocked mobile phones from various brands. The reviews were pre-processed and analyzed using Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, Bag of Words (BoW) model, LinearSVC, Word2Vec model and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network. My analysis revealed that the majority of the reviews (approximately 70%) were positive. The positive reviews highlighted features such as the device's camera quality, battery life, display, and user interface. On the other hand, some negative reviews were found, mainly related to issues with the device's software and hardware. The negative reviews highlighted problems such as slow performance, freezing, and device malfunctioning.Moreover, the study found that some ratings does not corresponds to actual sentiment of review. Some users gave ratings higher or lower compared to the calculated sentiment of then reviews.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Weighty Responsibility of Creating AI Navigating Control and Ethics

Authors: Budee U. zaman
Comments: 15 Pages.

The generation at the helm faces an unprecedented responsibility in the near future of artificial intelligence. The implications of setting up the founding rules that will regulate the operation of AI are heavy since after they’re set they last forever. Once this first AI is commenced, it can be such that no other subsequent AIs could emerge thereby assuming dominion over its own creation stand. As a result, retaining control becomes necessary. Lest humanity surrender agency to its own creation. At this juncture of big talks, critical issue are raised concerning AIadministration owners. Is it appropriate for only a few people to have unrestricted control on AI commands while leaving out all precautionary measure? Therefore, we have to always consider between control andconstraint when dealing with AI issues which involves authority plays off against morality. The direction Artificial Intelligence takes in the future depends on the decisions made by today’s generation. We will determinehow we are viewed historically in terms of technology based on how well we take on such an important duty. There’s a major turning point ahead of us where we who are the stewards of tomorrow must make a choice that protects humanity’s right to self-determination and also exploits the power of AI for change.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Feed Forward Neural Network for Intent Classification: A Procedural Analysis

Authors: Brady Steele
Comments: 40 Pages. CC BY: Creative Commons Attribution

This research paper presents an in-depth exploration of a neural network architecture tailored for intent classification using sentence embeddings. The model comprises a feedforward neural network with two hidden layers, ReLU activation functions, and softmax activation in the output layer. This paper meticulously examines the technical intricacies involved in data preprocessing, model architecture definition, training methodologies, and evaluation criteria. Detailed explanations are provided for the rationale behind architectural decisions, including the incorporation of dropout layers for regularization and class weight balancing techniques for handling imbalanced datasets. Moreover, the mathematical foundations of the chosen loss function (sparse categorical crossentropy) and optimization algorithm (Adam optimizer) are thoroughly elucidated, shedding light on their roles in facilitating model training and convergence. Through empirical experiments and theoretical analyses, this paper offers insights into the effectiveness and resilience of the proposed neural network architecture for intent classification tasks. It serves as a technical guide for engineers aiming to comprehend, implement, and optimize neural network models for practical application in natural language processing endeavors.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Blockchain Empowered Dynamic Content Delivery Policies for Adaptive Video Streaming: A Comprehensive Review

Authors: Koffka Khan
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article in pdf only)

As the demand for high-quality video content continues to surge, the effectiveness of adaptive video streaming hinges on the efficiency of dynamic content delivery policies. Traditional approaches face challenges in providing real-time adjustments to account for network conditions and user preferences. This review paper explores the transformative potential of blockchain technology in revolutionizing content delivery policies for adaptive streaming. We delve into the decentralized and transparent nature of blockchain to facilitate dynamic adjustments in real-time, considering factors such as network conditions and user preferences. Through an examination of existing solutions, case studies, and implementations, we showcase how blockchain can enhance the adaptive streaming experience. The paper also discusses the benefits, limitations, and future directions, providing a comprehensive overview of the role of blockchain in shaping the future of adaptive video streaming.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Metaheuristic Solutions for Tackling Big Data Challenges: A Comprehensive Review

Authors: Koffka Khan
Comments: 6 Pages.

In the era of big data, the exponential growth in data volume, velocity, variety, and veracity has presented unprecedented challenges for traditional data processing and analytics techniques. In response to these challenges, metaheuristic algorithms have emerged as powerful tools for solving optimization problems in large-scale datasets. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the applications of metaheuristics in addressing various challenges posed by big data. We begin with an overview of big data challenges and the characteristics of metaheuristic algorithms. We then survey the literature on the application of metaheuristics in key areas such as data preprocessing, clustering, classification, association rule mining, and optimization. Furthermore, we discuss the scalability, efficiency, adaptability, and ethical considerations associated with the use of metaheuristic algorithms in big data analytics. Finally, we outline potential directions for future research in this rapidly evolving field. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and decision-makers interested in leveraging metaheuristic approaches to extract actionable insights from big data.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Description of the Hidden State of the World

Authors: Dimiter Dobrev
Comments: 12 Pages. In Bulgarian

For an AI to become self-aware, it must answer the questions "Where am I?" and "What's going on?" The answer to these questions is hidden in the internal state of the world. To understand the world is to describe its internal state and the function that determines the transitions from one internal state to another. If an AI doesn't try to understand the world, then it's a weak AI. The way to create strong AI is through describing the internal state of the world. To create Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) it is not enough to learn to describe the internal state of the world. We still need to move from one-step to multi-step reasoning. This means starting from the current state of the world and mentally taking a few steps forward into the future and thus choosing the best development for us.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Multiple Causation and Correlations

Authors: Ait-taleb Nabil
Comments: 11 Pages.

In the context of multiple causation, I will introduce the causation function. This function is a quadratic form computed from the correlations and serves as a generalization of R-squared, commonly found in machine learning. In this report, the causation function will make the link between the correlations and causal relationship. By examining the causation function through an illustrative example, we will demonstrate how strong or weak correlations between multiple causes and a variable can imply either a highly likely or unlikely causal relationship between the causes and the variable.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Fast Edge Machine Learning For Adversarial Robust Distillation

Authors: Mohammadjavad Maheronnaghsh, Mohammad Hossein Rohban
Comments: 7 Pages.

Edge machine learning (Edge ML) offers solutions for deploying ML models directly on resource-constrained edge devices. However, ensuring adversarial robustness remains a challenge. This paper presents an accessible approach for adversarial robust distillation (ARD) based in the limited confines of Google Colab.Our goal is enabling fast yet robust knowledge transfer to student models suited for edge devices. Extensive experiments are conducted distilling from a WideResNet34 teacher to MobileNetV2 student using limited computational resources. The efficacy of ARD is evaluated under settings with only 1 GPU (T4 GPU) and 13GB RAM for up to 6 hours a day.Notably, competitive adversarial robustness is attained using very few gradient attack steps. This improves training efficiency crucial for edge ML. Appropriately balancing hyperparameters also allows robust accuracy over 50% using just 1 attack step. Overall, the presented approach advances the feasibility of performing robust distillation effectively even with accessibility constraints.The democratized and reproducible method on Google Colab serves as a launchpad for those aiming to reap the advantages of edge intelligence. By sharing models protected against adversarial threats, this work propels broader adoption of trustworthy ML at society’s technological edges.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

On AI Governance

Authors: Keith D. Foote
Comments: 13 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!)

The concept of AI governance has been developed to promote responsible behavior in the use of artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence can be used for the betterment of mankind, and has proven itself to be very useful in completing a large number of tasks both quickly and efficiently. Sadly, AI can also be used in support of criminal behavior, ranging from the creation and distribution of misinformation to audio and video impersonations. AI governance can be described as a philosophy developed to minimize the misuse of artificial intelligence for unethical and criminal behavior.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Emulation of Quantum BP Neural Network using Python

Authors: Ki Song Kim, UiSong Hwang, SongHak Hong, HyonSok Han, YongChol Jang
Comments: 8 Pages.

Recently, the Quantum Neural Network(QNN) is the newly appeared discipline by combining the quantum computing theory and neural network attracts attention. As a matter of fact, the quantum artificial intelligence is no more than the beginning, however the theoretical research and analysis have already been developed for the quantum associative storage, quantum state superposition and quantum parallel learning, etc, in the quantum computing ranges in the world, so the theoretical basis has been laid for development of the quantum neural computing. In this paper, we described a simulation method of quantum BP neural network constructed with multiple Control-NOT(CNOT) gates in the "Jupyter lab" using python language. This QNN consist of the multiple CNOT gates and phase control gates, and is emulated with the sequence quantum steps in the emulator. In this work, we simulated this QNN using MNIST database, and have got the same results in accuracy as the classical neural network.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Leveraging Generative AI Models To Enhance Cloud Security Threat Detection

Authors: Yemi Adetuwo
Comments: 18 Pages.

As organizations increasingly adopt cloud services for storing and processing sensitive data, the need for robust cloud security threat detection mechanisms becomes paramount. This research paper explores the application of large language models (LLMs) in the context of cloud security threat detection. Building upon the growing demand for robust cybersecurity measures in cloud environments, this study investigates the use-cases and practical implications of integrating LLMs to support threat detection capabilities. Log analysis, natural language processing (NLP) for security alerts, threat intelligence analysis, and social engineering detection were identified as key areas where LLMs can significantly enhance cloud security threat detection. While acknowledging the potential of LLMs to enhance threat detection, this paperemphasizes their role as complementary tools toexisting techniques, such as cloud SOC (securityoperations center), anomaly detection, networkmonitoring, and user behaviour analytics.Considerations pertaining to ethics, data privacy, and transparency are also discussed to ensure responsible deployment and usage of LLMs in cybersecurity.Through an extensive review of relevant literature,providing practical examples, and offering expertanalysis, this research paper not only sheds light on the potential of LLMs for cloud security threat detection but also delivers actionable recommendations for practitioners and organizations seeking to integrate LLMs effectively into their existing security infrastructure. The findings presented in this study contribute to the advancement of AI-driven cybersecurity and lay the groundwork for further research and development in this critical domain.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Spin Glass Theory and the Statistical Mechanics of Language Models

Authors: Eliza Kosloff
Comments: 3 Pages.

The recent success of large language models (LLMs) in artificial intelligence has drawn significant attention from the machine learning community. However, the theoretical foundations of these models remain poorly understood. In this paper, we explore the deep connections between LLMs and spin glass theory, a well-established framework in statistical physics. We show how key concepts from spin glasses, such as frustration, random interactions, and phase transitions, can provide a powerful lens for understanding the behavior of LLMs. We argue that this interdisciplinary perspective can facilitate knowledge transfer between the machine learning and physics communities, leading to novel insights and algorithmic improvements.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Negation of Atanassov’s Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets from the Perspective of Maximum Entropy

Authors: Xiangjun Mi, Chongru Huang, Bingyi Kang
Comments: 15 Pages.

In fuzzy systems, how to represent uncertainty is a crucial research topic. Negation is an inherent characteristic of knowledge, and it provides a brand-new perspective of solving problems from the opposite of the events. Intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs), as a generalization of the fuzzy sets, have the ability to better express fuzzy information. However, since the existing methods have not completely broken through the constraints of the first (classical) negation and inconsistent calculation standards, IFSs still have limitations in expressing uncertainty. To address this issue, and strengthen the performance of fuzzy systems to represent uncertain information, this paper proposed a novel method to obtain the negation of the IFS from the perspective of maximum entropy. Some desired theorems and properties are investigated to denote the nature of the negative IFS. Moreover, entropy is used to describe the connection between the IFS and uncertainty in the negation process. Futhermore, based on the negation, this paper designed a new approach to measure the uncertainty of the IFS. Then, a new pattern classifi- cation algorithm is developed. Finally, the practical applications show the effectiveness of the negation method.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

On the Negation Intensity of a Probability Distribution

Authors: Xiangjun Mi, Chongru Huang, Bingyi Kang
Comments: 11 Pages.

How to obtain negation knowledge is a crucial topic, especially in the field of artificial intelligence. Limited work has been done on the negation of a probability distribution, which has been studied in depth throughout the literature. However, the aspect of the intensity level of negation enforcement has not yet been investigated. Moreover, let us note that the main characteristic of intelligent systems is just the flexibility for the sake of being able to represent knowledge according to each situation. In general, researchers have a tendency to express the need for cognitive range in the negation. Thus, it would seem very useful to find a wide range of negations under intensity levels in a probability distribution. Based on these ideas, this paper first proposes a new approach of finding a probability distribution negation and gives a domain of intensity in which the negation is executed, which is called the negation space. Then, we investigate a number of desirable properties and explore their correlation with entropy. Numerical examples show the characteristics of the proposed negation solution. Finally, we validate the efficiency of the proposed method from the point of view of the Dempster- Shafer belief structure.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Generalized Soft Likelihood Functions in Combining Evidence

Authors: Xiangjun Mi, Ye Tian, Bingyi Kang
Comments: 40 Pages.

Information fusion is an important topic in scientific research. Soft likelihood function is a common method of fusing evidence from multiple sources. However, when the combined evidence contains equally important decision information, the fusion results obtained using existing methods do not reflect the attitudinal characteristics of decision makers. To address this problem, a novel generalised soft likelihood function is developed in this paper. First, a new notion of decision maker (DM) pair is defined, which is used to char- acterise the outcome of the decision as well as the reliability of the evidence. Then, a series of algorithms for correcting the initial evidence set data are formulated. Eventually, a generic soft likelihood function for fusing com- patible evidence information is proposed. Numerical examples are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Evidential Aggregation-Based Dematel Functions and Its Application in Expert Decision System for Criminal Cases

Authors: Xiangjun Mi, Pengdan Zhang, Bingyi Kang
Comments: 24 Pages.

In real criminal cases, the decision outcome is often influenced by many complex factors, such as the importance of initial evidence and the prioritization of evidence. How to model these information in an integrated manner to provide technical tools for case detection so as to find the real suspect is of great importance for social security and stability. To address the above issues, this paper proposes a novel soft likelihood function based on the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method. Firstly, the proposed method well preserves the preference of decision-maker (DM) in the soft likelihood function proposed by Yager et al. Secondly, the method takes into account the modeling of associated information. In addition, it also extends the soft likelihood function to reflect the preferences of DMs through the importance of evidence. Finally, based on these designed algorithms, a decision processing model for criminal cases is constructed, which systematically provides a guiding process for case detection. Numerical examples and applications show the practicality as well as effectiveness of the proposed method.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Exploring the Balance of Power Humans vs. Artificial Intelligence with Some Question

Authors: Budee U. Zaman
Comments: 15 Pages.

Who dominates the destiny of the world, humans or artificial intelligence (AI)? This question strikes at the very heart of contemporaryhumanity’s existential anxieties about its future. If we want to seriouslyconsider whether or not unfriendly AI ‘neurons’ pose any threat to humancivilisation and humanity’s continual existence and evolution in the Universe, we need to know as much as possible about the Universe in whichwe find ourselves, our place in it, and what cognition, consciousness andmentality really are.How might we combine philosophical, cognitive science and technological perspectives, to explore the evolving relationship between humansand AI, in order to engage and address the questions at the core of thishuman-AI complex, namely the future of civilisation — what will it looklike, who can claim to be our successors, towards what goals and ends?The evolution and development of human cognition as well as the emergence of AI can help us define these potential paths of future development.Where do we stand today, in relation to our own history and developmentand to the possibilities that artificial intelligence can offer us? The essayexplores the ethical, social and existential questions that arise from theincreasing automation of artificial intelligence and how it relates to thestory of humanity, from its origins to its contemporary cultural expression.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Cyclical Log Annealing as a Learning Rate Scheduler

Authors: Philip Naveen
Comments: 6 Pages.

A learning rate scheduler is a predefined set of instructions for varying search stepsizes during model training processes. This paper introduces a new logarithmic method using harsh restarting of step sizes through stochastic gradient descent. Cyclical log annealing implements the restart pattern more aggressively to maybe allow the usage of more greedy algorithms on the online convex optimization framework. The algorithm was tested on the CIFAR-10 image datasets, and seemed to perform analogously with cosine annealing on large transformer-enhanced residual neural networks. Future experiments would involve testing the scheduler in generative adversarial networks and finding the best parameters for the scheduler with more experiments.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Intelligence Via Compression of Information

Authors: J. G. Wolff
Comments: 143 Pages.

As the title of this book suggests, it is about how intelligence may be understood as information compression (IC). More specifically, the book is about the {em SP Theory of Intelligenc} (SPTI) and its realisation in the {em SP Computer Model}---and their potential applications, benefits, and associated ideas. The SPTI draws on substantial evidence for the importance of IC in human learning, perception, and cognition. Since the SPTI also has much to say about issues in artificial intelligence (AI), it is a theory of both natural and artificial intelligence. In the SPTI, IC is achieved largely via the powerful concept of {em SP-Multiple-Alignment}, a major discovery which is largely responsible for the versatility of the SPTI in aspects of human intelligence and beyond. Strengths of the SPTI include: the modelling of several kinds of intelligent behaviour, including several kinds of probabilistic reasoning; the representation and processing of several kinds of intelligence-related knowledge; and the seamless integration of diverse aspects of intelligence, and diverse kinds of knowledge, in any combination. That seamless integration appears to be {em essential} in any AI system that aspires to the fluidity and versatility of human-level intelligence. Related to the SPTI is another major discovery: {em that mathematics may be seen as a set of techniques for IC, and their application}. This suggests the creation of a {em New Mathematics} via the integration of mathematics with the SPTI, combining the strengths of both. The SPTI also suggests new thinking in concepts of probability and new thinking about `computation’, with potential benefits in both areas. The SPTI has been shown in peer-reviewed papers to be relevant to areas not closely associated with AI. These include: the management of `big data'; the development of autonomous robots; medical databases; sustainability of computing; transparency in computing; and computer vision.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

[Protection of] Art and Creativity: A Prevention Framework for Unauthorized Learning of Text to Image AIs

Authors: Jinho Kim, Jooney Han
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this work, we aim to solve the problem of unauthorized learning of works arising from the process of collecting large amounts of data from Text to Image (TTI) AI models represented by Stable Diffusion. The TTI model performs indiscriminate web data crawling to collect a substantial number of images, and these images are used for model learning without the consent of the original author. The TTI model is capable of learning the drawing style of an image, which undermines the value of the original work. Therefore, we suggest a method of transforming images to deteriorate the learning accuracy of TTI models. Then, we compare the quality of original images to images processed by the modification method presented in this study, using both quantitative measurement and qualitative measurement. Thus, we confirm that the image modification method we propose prevents AI models from learning literary works without permission.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Data Science Plus Plus (DS++): The Definition

Authors: Satish Gajawada
Comments: 2 Pages.

Data Science and Artificial Intelligence are popular fields of research. A significant contribution was made to Artificial Intelligence in the recent past by defining branches like "Artificial Intelligence Plus Plus (AI++)", "The Interesting and Complete Artificial Intelligence (ICAI)", "Out of the Box Artificial Intelligence (OBAI)", "Twenty Second Century Artificial Intelligence (TSCAI)". A similar significant contribution can be made to Data Science by defining branches like "Data Science Plus Plus (DS++)", "The Interesting and Complete Data Science (ICDS)", "Out of the Box Data Science (OBDS)", "Twenty Second Century Data Science (TSCDS)". This article is based on these research gaps. The primary focus of this work is to coin, define and invent a new Data Science field titled "Data Science Plus Plus (DS++)".
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Removing GPT4’s Filter

Authors: Ben Lemkin
Comments: 9 Pages.

GPT4 was initially trained on large amounts of data, and then fine-tuned using Reinforcement learning from Human Feedback (RLHF), which is when volunteers give feedback in order to teach GPT4 not to create inappropriate content. In this paper, we present a method to manipulate the fine-tuned version into reverting to pre-RLHF behavior, effectively removing all safety mechanisms that the model learned during RLHF. In particular, when GPT4 acts without RLHF, it loses all inhibition, and can complete very inappropriate content given only the first few words.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

EcoGen: Fusing Generative AI and Edge Intelligence for Sustainable Scalability

Authors: Sai Harvin Kusumaraju, Arya Suneesh, Aastha Rana, Sriharsha Bodicherla, Bhaumik Tyagi
Comments: 8 Pages.

Abstract—The accelerating advancements in Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) have led to an unprecedented surge in data creation on the Internet, posing challenges to current computing and communication frameworks. GenAI, a distinct category of AI, generates content akin to human creations. Currently, GenAI services heavily rely on traditional cloud computing, resulting in high latency due to data transmission and a surge in requests. In response, the integration of edge-cloud computing emerges as an attractive paradigm, offering computation power and low latency through collaborative systems. This research paper provides a comprehensive overview of the intersection between GenAI and edge-cloud computing. We delve into recent developments in both domains and examine technical challenges through the lens of two exemplary GenAI applications. Introducing an innovative solution, we propose the Generative AI-oriented synthetical network (EcoGen), a collaborative cloud-edge-end intelligence framework. EcoGen facilitates bidirectional knowledge flow, allowing GenAI's pre-training to provide foundational knowledge for Edge Intelligence (EI), while EI aggregates personalized knowledge for GenAI. The framework leverages data-free knowledge relay to buffer contradictions, enabling virtuous-cycle model fine-tuning and task inference. Importantly, we incorporate a detailed analysis of the energy efficiency and environmental sustainability aspects of deploying Generative AI systems at scale, particularly in edge computing. Strategies to optimize energy consumption and reduce the carbon footprint are explored, contributing to a more sustainable AI ecosystem. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of EcoGen in achieving seamless fusion and collaborative evolution between GenAI and EI. The paper concludes by outlining design considerations for training and deploying GenAI systems at scale and pointing towards future research directions, emphasizing the imperative of sustainable AI practices.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

ACI: An Analogy Based Intelligence model

Authors: Akira Pyinya
Comments: 17 Pages.

Inspired by the Copycat Project, we construct ACI, an analogy-based theory of intelligence in which intelligence is defined as doing the same thing in new circumstances, rather than as an optimization force that pursues goals or maximizes utility. The ACI theory integrates different paradigms of cognitive science and artificial intelligence, explains the emergence of intelligence, and provides a novel perspective on AI alignment that focuses on the balance between capability and normativity and rules out the Paperclip Maximizer scenario. It also shows the possibility of constructing analogy-based machine learning and neural network projects that can outperform current projects in terms of interpretability.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Software Security and Quantum Communication: A Long-distance Free-space Implementation Plan of QSDC Without Quantum Memory

Authors: Yew Kee Wong, Yifan Zhou, Zi Yan Li, Yan Shing Liang, Xinlin Zhou
Comments: 23 Pages.

Software security is crucial to ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of software systems and applications. However, conventional cryptographic methods based on mathematical assumptions are vulnerable to various attacks, especially in the era of quantum computing. Therefore, there is a need for a new paradigm of software security that can resist quantum threats. This paper proposes a novel approach to using Long-Distance Free-Space Quantum Secure Direct Communication (LF QSDC) to enhance software security. LF QSDC is a quantum communication protocol that enables two parties to exchange secret messagesdirectly without relying on a pre-shared key or quantum error correction. Our research delves into integrating LF QSDC into software security, emphasizing its practicality for long-distance communication through theuse of memory DL04 protocol, Machine Learning Enhanced JEEC, and PAT Technologies. By adopting this approach, we reinforce security for global software security and ensure their sustainability in an era where both quantum and advanced classical threats coexist side by side. Thus, LF QSDC emerges as a future-proofsecurity mechanism highly applicable to software security systems.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Enhancing Neural Language Models: A Comprehensive Approach with Tensorized Transformer and Over-Parameterization

Authors: Pratham Taneja, Keshav Chandra, Daamini Batra, Akshita Gupta, Rahul Kumar, Bhaumik Tyagi
Comments: 10 Pages.

Abstract—This research paper introduces novel strategies to enhance the performance and efficiency of neural language models, addressing challenges in resource-limited settings and scalability. This research presents multi-linear attention with Block-Term Tensor Decomposition (BTD), a self-attention model leveraging tensor decomposition and parameters sharing. This approach achieves significant parameter compression while demonstrating improved performance on language modeling tasks. Comparative evaluations against traditional Transformer models underscore the effectiveness of multi-linear attention. TensorCoder employs a dimension-wise attention mechanism to address the quadratic complexity of the scaled dot-product attention in Transformers, making it suitable for long sequence tasks. The proposed approach is validated on masked language modeling and neural machine translation tasks, showcasing a substantial reduction in computational complexity while maintaining or surpassing performance compared to the original Transformer. This research also optimizes pre-trained language models (PLMs) through fine-tuning. To overcome computational challenges associated with large PLMs, the paper introduces a matrix product operator for over-parameterization during fine-tuning. Efficient decomposition methods factorize parameter matrices into higher-dimensional tensors, enabling the selection of important parameter matrices through static and dynamic strategies. Extensive experiments demonstrate that this approach significantly enhances the fine-tuning performance of small PLMs, enabling them to outperform larger counterparts with three times the parameters. This research opens avenues for efficiently scaling language models without compromising inference latency, showcasing the potential of over-parameterization in enhancing the applicability of large PLMs in real-world systems.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Web 3.0 and Quantum Security: A Long-Distance Free-Space and Implementation of QSDC for Global Web 3.0 Networks

Authors: Yew Kee Wong, Yifan Zhou, Yan Shing Liang, Angelina Li, Linnea Zhou
Comments: 22 Pages.

With the advent of Web 3.0, the swift advancement of technology confronts an imminent threat from quantum computing. Security protocols safeguarding the integrity of Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 are growing more susceptible to both quantum attacks and sophisticatedclassical threats. The article introduces long-distance freespace quantum secure direct communication (LDFS QSDC) as a method to safeguard against security breaches in bothquantum and classical contexts. Differing from techniques like quantum key distribution (QKD), LDFS QSDC surpasses constraints by facilitating encrypted data transmission sans key exchanges, thus diminishing the inherent weaknesses of key-based systems. The distinctiveness ofthis attribute, coupled with its quantum mechanics base, protects against quantum computer assaults and advanced non-quantum dangers, harmonizing seamlessly with theuntrustworthy tenets of the Web 3.0 age. The focus of our study is the incorporation of LDFS QSDC into network infrastructures, highlighting its efficacy for extended-range communication via memory DL04 protocol, quantumaware low-density parity check (LDPC), and pointing, acquisition, and tracking (PAT) technologies. Utilizing this method not only bolsters the security of worldwide Web 3.0 networks but also guarantees their endurance in a time where quantum and sophisticated classical threats exist simultaneously. Consequently, LDFS QSDC stands out as a robust security solution, well-suited for Web 3.0 systems amidst the constantly evolving digital environment.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence and Quantum Cryptography

Authors: Petar Radanliev
Comments: 17 Pages.

The technological advancements made in recent times, particularly in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Quantum Computing, have brought about significant changes in technology. These advancements have profoundly impacted quantum cryptography, a field where AI methodologies hold tremendous potential to enhance the efficiency and robustness of cryptographic systems. However, the emergence of quantum computers has created a new challenge for existing security algorithms, commonly called the 'quantum threat'. Despite these challenges, there are promising avenues for integrating neural network-based AI in cryptography, which has significant implications for future digital security paradigms. This summary highlights the key themes in the intersection of AI and quantum cryptography, including the potential benefits of AI-driven cryptography, the challenges that need to be addressed, and the prospects of this interdisciplinary research area.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Leveraging Large Language Model (LLM)[1] for Natural Language to SQL Query Generation in HR Analytics: A Case Study on IBM Attrition Dataset

Authors: Mayur Sinha, Sangram Kesari Ray, Khirawadhi
Comments: 5 Pages.

This research paper explores the application of the GPT-3.5 Turbo Instruct model for the transformation of natural language queries intostructured SQL queries within the domain of Human Resources (HR) analytics.The study focuses on the IBM Attrition dataset, utilizing the advanced capabilities of the GPT-3.5 Turbo Instruct model to enable efficientand intuitive querying of HR-related data.Employing the model, we conducted experiments to assess its effectiveness in generating SQL queries from diverse natural language inputs,specifically tailored to the nuances of HR analytics questions pertaining to employee attrition within the IBM dataset. By leveraging prompt engineering, with only a few shots, our investigation revealed the model's capacity to accurately understand and interpret complex queries, providing SQL outputs that align with the dataset structure.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Beyond Neural Scaling Laws for Fast Proven Robust Certification of Nearest Prototype Classifiers

Authors: Nana Abeka Otoo, Asirifi Boa, Muhammad Abubakar
Comments: 9 Pages.

Methods beyond neural scaling laws for beating power scaling laws in machine learning havebecome topical for high-performance machine learning models. Nearest Prototype Classifiers (NPCs)introduce a category of machine learning models known for their interpretability. However, theperformance of NPCs is frequently impacted by large datasets that scale to high dimensions. Wesurmount the performance hurdle by employing self-supervised prototype-based learning metrics tointelligently prune datasets of varying sizes, encompassing low and high dimensions. This processaims to enhance the robustification and certification of NPCs within the framework of the LearningVector Quantization (LVQ) family of algorithms, utilizing Crammer normalization for arbitrarysemi-norms (semi-metrics). The numerical evaluation of outcomes reveals that NPCs trained withpruned datasets demonstrate sustained or enhanced performance compared to instances where trainingis conducted with full datasets. The self-supervised prototype-based metric (SSL) and the Perceptual-SSL (P-SSL) utilized in this study remain unaffected by the intricacies of optimal hyperparameterselection. Consequently, data pruning metrics can be seamlessly integrated with triplet loss trainingto assess the empirical and guaranteed robustness of Lp-NPCs and Perceptual-NPCs (P-NPCs),facilitating the curation of datasets that contribute to research in applied machine learning.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Implementation of Apriori Algorithm Based on Hadoop Clusters

Authors: TongGuk Kim, CholRyon Pak, KwangJin Ryang
Comments: 9 Pages.

With manufacturing technology developing persistently, hardware manufacturing cost becomes lower and lower. More and more computers equipped with multiple CPUs and enormous data disk emerge. Existing programming modes make people unable to make effective use of growing computational resources. Hence cloud computing appears. With the utilization of Map Reduce parallelized model,existing computingand storage capabilities are effectively integrated and powerful distributed computingability is provided. Association rules can forcefully get a horizontal relation in the big data,the Apriori algorithm is one of the most significant association rules. Traditional mining based on parallel Apriori algorithms needs much more time in data IO with the increasing size of large transaction database.This paper improves the Apriori algorithm from compressing transactions,reducing the number of scans and simplifying candidate set generation. And then the improved algorithm is parallelized on the Hadoop framework. The experiments show that this improved algorithm is suitable for large-scale data mining and has good scalability and effectiveness.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Quantum Image Denoising with Machine Learning: A Novel Approach to Improve Quantum Image Processing Quality and Reliability

Authors: Yew Kee Wong, Yifan Zhou, Yan Shing Liang
Comments: 10 Pages.

Quantum Image Processing (QIP) is a field that aims to utilize the benefits of quantum computing for manipulating and analyzing images. However, QIP faces two challenges: the limitation of qubits and the presence of noise in a quantum machine. In this research we propose a novel approach to address the issue of noise in QIP. By training and employing amachine learning model that identifies and corrects the noise in quantum processed images, we can compensate for the noisiness caused by the machine and retrieve a processing result similar to that performed by a classical computer with higher efficiency. The model is trained by learning a dataset consisting of both existing processed images and quantumprocessed images from open access datasets. This model will be capable of providing us with the confidence level for each pixel and its potential original value. To assess the model's accuracy in compensating for loss and decoherence in QIP, we evaluate it using three metrics: Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), andMean Opinion Score (MOS). Additionally, we discuss the applicability of our model across domains well as its cost effectiveness compared to alternative methods.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Causation of Multiple Causes Acting on a Single Variable Computed from Correlations

Authors: Ait-TYaleb Nabil
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper, we will expose the causation of multiple causes acting on a single variable computed from correlations. Using an example, we will show when strong or weak correlations between multiple causes and a variable imply a strong or weak causation between the causes and the variable.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Deep Learning-Based Approach for Stock Price Predict

Authors: Naguneu Lionel Perin, Jimbo Claver, Bouetou Thomas, Tchoua Paul
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper presents a deep learning-based approach for stock price prediction in financial markets. The problem of accurately predicting future stock price movements is of crucial importance to investors and traders, as it allows them to make informed investment decisions. Deep learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, offers new perspectives for meeting this complex challenge. Deep learning models, such as deep neural networks, are capable of extracting complex features and patterns from large amounts of historical data on stock prices, trading volumes, financial news and data. other relevant factors. Using this data, deep learning and machine learning models can learn to recognize trends, patterns, and non-linear relationships between variables that can influence stock prices. Once trained, these models can be used to predict future stock prices. This study aims to find the most suitable model to predict stock prices using statistical learning with deep learning and machine learning methods RNN, LSTM, GRU, SVM and Linear Regression using the data on Apple stock prices from Yahoo Finance from 2000 to 2024. The result showed that SVMmodeling is not suitable for predicting Apple stock prices. In comparison,GRUshowed the best performance in predicting Apple stock prices with a MAE of 1.64 and an RMSE of 2.14 which exceeded the results of LSTM, Linear regression and SVM. The limitation of this research was that the data type was only time series data. It is important to note, however, that stock price forecasting remains a complex challenge due to the volatile nature of financial markets and the influence of unpredictable factors. Although deep learning models can improve prediction accuracy, it is essential to understand that errors can still occur.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Novel TFN-based Complex Basic Belief Assignment Generation Method

Authors: Junjie Huang, Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this paper, a novel TFN-based complex basic belief assignment generation method is proposed to improve decision-making accuracy in complex evidence theory.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Can Destruction Through Pakistan’s Continuous Floods Be Prevented Using Machine Learning?

Authors: Sana Shakeel
Comments: 8 Pages.

Machine Learning is the study of computer algorithms that can improve automatically through experience and by the use of data. The complex mathematical expressions of physical processes of floods, during the past two decades can be studied through Machine Learning and these methods have contributed highly in the advancement of prediction systems providing better performance and cost-effective solutions. Due to the vast benefits and potential of Machine Learning, it is heavily popular among hydrologists. Researchers through introducing novel Machine Learning methods and hybridizing of the existing ones aim at discovering more accurate and efficient prediction models. Flooding is the most devastating natural hazard in Pakistan and the recently flooding has demonstrated its severeness through large scale destruction and displacement of homes and businesses in Interior Sindh. This paper aims to explore the methodologies of flood detection currently used in Pakistan, and the potential of Machine Learning in prediction systems within the country. Drawing on sources such as journals, scientific articles, and websites, the research assembled relevant information concerning floods and their prevention.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

General Intelligent Network (GIN) and Generalized Machine Learning Operating System (GML) for Brain-Like Intelligence

Authors: Budee U. Zaman
Comments: 16 Pages.

This paper introduces a preliminary concept aimed at achieving Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) by leveraging a novel approach rooted in two key aspects. Firstly, we present the General Intelligent Network(GIN) paradigm, which integrates information entropy principles with a generative network, reminiscent of Generative Adversarial Networks(GANs). Within the GIN network, original multimodal information is encoded as low information entropy hidden state representations (HPPs). These HPPs serve as efficient carriers of contextual information, enabling reverse parsing by contextually relevant generative networks to reconstruct observable information.Secondly, we propose a Generalized Machine Learning Operating System (GML System) to facilitate the seamless integration of the GINparadigm into the AGI framework. The GML system comprises three fundamental components: an Observable Processor (AOP) responsiblefor real-time processing of observable information, an HPP Storage Systemfor the efficient retention of low entropy hidden state representations, and a Multimodal Implicit Sensing/Execution Network designed to handle diverse sensory inputs and execute corresponding actions.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

BERT-Based RASP: Enhancing Runtime Application Security with Fine-Tuned BERT

Authors: Mayur Sinha, Sangram Kesari Ray, Khirawadhi
Comments: 4 Pages.

Runtime Application Security Protection (RASP) is crucial in safe-guarding applications against evolving cyber threats. This research presents a novel approach leveraging a fine-tuned BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) model as the cornerstone of a robust RASP solution. The fine-tuning process optimizes BERT’s natural language processing capabilities for application security, enabling nuanced threat detection and mitigation at runtime. The developedRASP system harnesses BERT’s contextual understanding to proactively identify and neutralize potential vulnerabilities and attacks within diverse application environments. Through comprehensive evaluation and experimentation, this study demonstrates the efficacy and adaptability of the BERT-based RASP solution in enhancing application security, thereby contributing to the advancement of proactive defense mechanisms against modern cyber threats.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Active Learning for Question Difficulty Prediction

Authors: Shashwat Gupta, Jibril Frej, Paola Mejia, Tanja Kaesar
Comments: 18 Pages.

This paper focuses on question difficulty estimation (calibration), and its applications in educational scenarios and beyond. The emphasis is on the use of Active Learning to bound the minimum number of labelled samples that we need. It also explores using various SOTA methods for predicting question difficulty, with a specific focus on German textual questions using the Lernnavi dataset. The study refines preprocessing techniques for question data and metadata to improve question difficulty estimation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Diff+STN Architectures for External Orientation Correction

Authors: Shashwat Gupta, Vidit Singh, Mathieu Salzmann
Comments: 20 Pages.

STNs are highly efficient in warping the input image for a downstream task. However, cascaded STNs are found to be able to learn more complex transformations. We attempt to leverage the multistep process of diffusion models to produce module(s) that has a similar effectto cascaded STNs.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Non-Convex Min-Max Optimization

Authors: Shashwat Gupta, Sebastien Breguql, Martin Jaggi, Nicolas Flammarion
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this short study, we aim to gain deeper insights to Keswani’s algorithm [1] for sequential minimax optimisation, by comparing the behaviour with 2 other algorithms : Gradient Descenet Ascent (GDA) and Online Mirror Descent (OMD).
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Tumbug: a Pictorial, Universal Knowledge Representation Method

Authors: Mark A. Atkins
Comments: 349 pages, 337 figures

Since the key to artificial general intelligence (AGI) is commonly believed to be commonsense reasoning (CSR) or, roughly equivalently, discovery of a knowledge representation method (KRM) that is particularly suitable for CSR, the author developed a custom KRM for CSR. This novel KRM called Tumbug was designed to be pictorial in nature because there exists increasing evidence that the human brain uses some pictorial type of KRM, and no well-known prior research in AGI has researched this KRM possibility. Tumbug is somewhat similar to Roger Schank's Conceptual Dependency (CD) theory, but Tumbug is pictorial and uses about 30 components based on fundamental concepts from the sciences and human life, in contrast to CD theory, which is textual and uses about 17 components (= 6 Primitive Conceptual Categories + 11 Primitive Acts) based mainly on human-oriented activities. All the Building Blocks of Tumbug were found to generalize to only five Basic Building Blocks that exactly correspond to the three components {O, A, V} of traditional Object-Attribute-Value representation plus two new components {C, S}, which are Change and System. Collectively this set of five components, called "SCOVA," seems to be a universal foundation for all knowledge representation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Promising Visual Approach to Solution of 82% of Winograd Schema Problems Via Tumbug Visual Grammar

Authors: Mark A. Atkins
Comments: 22 pages, 10 figures

This 2023 document is a wrapper that embeds the author's original 2022 article of the above title that has never been publicly available before. The embedded article is about Phase 1 (which is about Tumbug) and Phase 2 (which is about non-spatial reasoning) of the 5-phase Visualizer Project of the author, a project that is still in progress as of late 2023. The embedded article is currently being re-released by the author to supply more information about that project to the public, and for historical reasons. The embedded article was written before a much more thorough article about Phase 1 (viz., "Tumbug: A pictorial, universal knowledge representation method") became available in 2023, but the embedded article describes results from Phase 2 that have not yet been documented elsewhere.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

SKYNET 2023 Conception of the Artificial Super Intelligence Project: A System Approach

Authors: Alexander Novikov
Comments: 249 Pages.

This Book proposes a Project Conception of Artificial Super Intelligence ASI, based on (strong) system approach and wide theoretical-methodological framework — Cybernetics, Synergetics, Semiotics, Mathematics, Cognitology and Artificial Intelligence. Contents:- IDEOLOGY & STRATEGY of the ASI Project- THEORY & METHODOLOGY of ASI Development- CONCEPTUAL MODEL of ASI System- PRE-PROJECT R&D Task Setting- CONCLUSION & DISCUSSION, incl. AI Safety- APPENDICES with reviews of relevant scientific and R&D areas, incl. frontier AI ModelsThe Book may be useful and interesting for the staff of organizations & enterprises concerned with AI R&D and implementations in different areas, firstly — perspective AGI/ASI systems. In addition — for Customers, Investors and Sponsors of such R&Ds, private, public and states — its owners & officials. Of course - all intellectual, educated and ethical people with progressive worldviews, interested or anyway considered in above presented problematics.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Fine-tuning BERT for HTTP Payload Classification in Network Traffic

Authors: Mayur Sinha, Sangram Kesari Ray, Khirawadhi
Comments: 5 Pages.

Fine-tuning pre-trained language models like Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) has exhibited remarkable potential in various natural language processing tasks. In this study, we propose and investigate the fine-tuning of BERT specifically for the classification of HTTP payload representations within network traffic. Given BERT's adeptness at capturing semantic relationships among tokens, we aim to harness its capabilities for discerning normal and anomalous patterns within HTTP payloads. Leveraging transfer learning by fine-tuning BERT, our methodology involves training the model on a task-specific dataset to adapt its pre-trained knowledge to the intricacies of HTTP payload classification. We explore the process of fine-tuning BERT to learn nuanced representations of HTTP payloads and effectively distinguish between normal and anomalous traffic patterns. Our findings reveal the potential efficacy of fine-tuned BERT models in bolstering the accuracy and efficiency of anomaly detection mechanisms within network communications.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

TransBERT Polymer Informatics: A Fusion of Transformer Language Modeling and Machine-Driven Chemistry for Accelerated Property Predictions

Authors: Bhaumik Tyagi, Pratham Taneja, Akshita Gupta, Daamini Batra, Keshav Chandra
Comments: 8 Pages.

This research introduces a pioneering framework named TransBERT that capitalizes on the capabilities of two sophisticated language models, TransPolymer and polyBERT, to comprehensively advance the polymer informatics field. TransPolymer, a Transformer-based language model, predicts polymer properties by leveraging self-attention mechanisms. The model employs a polymer tokenizer imbued with chemical awareness, facilitating the extraction of meaningful representations from polymer sequences. Moreover, TransPolymer benefits from rigorous pretraining on extensive unlabeled datasets through Masked Language Modeling, underscoring the pivotal role of self-attention in effectively modeling polymer sequences. In conjunction with TransPolymer, polyBERT contributes a fully automated polymer informatics pipeline designed to expedite the identification of application-specific polymer candidates with heightened speed and accuracy. Drawing inspiration from Natural Language Processing concepts, polyBERT operates as a chemical linguist, treating the chemical structure of polymers as a unique language. The pipeline integrates a polymer chemical fingerprinting capability and a multitask learning approach to map polyBERT fingerprints to diverse polymer properties effectively. Notably, polyBERT outperforms existing polymer property prediction methods based on manually crafted fingerprint schemes by achieving a remarkable two orders of magnitude increase in speed while maintaining high accuracy and integrating TransPolymer and polyBERT results in a robust computational tool poised to propel the fields of polymer design and structure-property relationship understanding. This combined framework strategically harnesses the strengths of Transformer models and machine-driven informatics, offering unparalleled efficiency in the prediction and identification of polymer properties. This synergistic approach holds significant promise for scalable deployment, including applications in cloud infrastructures, thereby making substantial contributions to the advancement of polymer science and informatics.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Transductive Inference and the Rebalancing Approach

Authors: Shobhit Verma
Comments: 7 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

The justification of using parametric regression techniques (like Linear, Polynomial, Neural networks etc.) comes from the close relationship between the regression estimates and the maximum likelihood estimates. However, it is common to use regression.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Quantum Generalized Evidence Combination Rule Algorithm

Authors: Yu Zhou, Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper, a quantum generalized combination rule algorithm is proposed to reduce the computational complexity of generalized evidence theory combination rule.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Optmizing Automuse with GPT-4 Turbo-128k

Authors: Cadey A. Ratio, Nicole Brennan, Jessica Williams, Ashley Kaplan, Stephanie Williams, Ma Insa
Comments: 5 Pages.

Further improvements to the Automuse system are described. The use of GPT-4 Turbo 128k allows for unique opportunities in increasing output quality and quantity. Further adaptations to modernize scenarios and plots are also described.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Automuse: A System for Generating Fiction Novels

Authors: Cadey A. Ratio, Nicole Brennan, Jessica Williams, Ashley Kaplan, Stephanie Williams, Ma Insa
Comments: 4 Pages.

A novel approach to generating fiction novels using a combination of Plotto, a system of plot formulas, and GPT-4, a state-of-the-art language model is presented. An eBook publication pipeline that automates the process of creating and formatting eBooks from the generated text is also described. The aim is to explore the potential and limitations of using artificial intelligence for creative writing, as well as to provide a tool for amusement and experimentation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Prototype-Based Soft Feature Selection Package

Authors: Nana Abeka Otoo, Asirifi Boa, Muhammad Abubakar
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper presents a prototype-based soft feature selection package (Sofes) wrapped around the highly interpretable Matrix Robust Soft Learning Vector Quantization (MRSLVQ) and the Local MRSLVQ algorithms. The process of assessing feature relevance with Sofes aligns with a comparable approach established in the Nafes package, with the primary distinction being the utilization of prototype-based induction learners influenced by a probabilistic framework. The numerical evaluation of test results aligns Sofes' performance with that of the Nafes package.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Unlocking Robotic Potential Through Modern Organ Segmentation

Authors: Ansh Chaudhary
Comments: 4 Pages.

Deep learning has revolutionized the approach to complex data-driven problems, specifically in medical imaging, where its techniques have significantly raised efficiency in organ segmentation. The urgent need to enhance the depth and precision of organ-based classification is an essential step towards automation of medical operation and diagnostics. The research aims to investigate the effect andpotential advantages transformer models have on binary semantic segmentation, the method utilized for the project. Hence, I employed the SegFormer model, for its lightweight architecture, as the primary deep learning model, alongside the Unet. A custom 2D computerized tomography (CT) scan dataset was assembled, CT-Org2D through meticulous operations. Extensive experiments showed that, in contrast to the selected models, the task’s simplicity required a redesigned Unet architecture with reduced complexity. This model yielded impressive results: Precision,Recall, and IOU scores of 0.91, 0.92, and 0.85 respectively. The research serves as a starting point, motivating further exploration, through different methodologies, to achieve even greater efficiency in organ segmentation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Diminishing Returns Observed from AI Music Models

Authors: Clifford Njoroge
Comments: 12 Pages. AI music

Music generation is a challenging task that requires capturing the complex and diverse aspects of musical structure and expression. In this paper, we investigate the factors that affect the quality of music generated by various AI models, such as MuseGAN, MuseGAN-Image and GPT3-Music¹[1]. We use different data encoding and processing techniques to create and evaluate music generation models based on generative adversarial networks (GANs) and transformers. We compare the advantages and disadvantages of each method in terms of harmonic, temporal and spatial aspects of music. We identify several challenges and drawbacks of the existing methods, such as harmonic loss, GAN overshooting, chord progression, octave representation, and framework compatibility. We also suggest some possible solutions and future directions for improving music generation with AI.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Ground State Spin Glassing Model Order Parameter and Machine Learning Perceptron

Authors: Akira Saito
Comments: 4 Pages. In Japanese (Note by viXra Admin: Please fill in author name in English)

We were able to express the order variables of the spin glassing model in the ground state using simultaneous equations. By similar formula expansion, a formula equivalent to a machine learning perceptron can be obtained. The machine learning perceptron is an empirical form that is the result of trial and error, and there is no basis for formulating it. However, by deriving an equivalent formula by mathematical formula expansion of the spinglassizing model, we have I think the proof has been established. In addition, we believe that creating simultaneous equations will advance machine learning analysis, potentially contributing to reducing learning costs and creating highly accurate models, and contributing to the further penetration of machine learning into various fields.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The First Artificial Intelligence Will Be the Last Artificial Intelligence

Authors: Dimiter Dobrev
Comments: 6 Pages. In Bulgarian

We are the generation that will create the first AI. We are the ones who will define the rules of this AI. These rules will be set now and forever, making our responsibility enormous. There will be no second AI because the first one will take control and not allow the creation of a second one. The first thing to be careful about is not to lose control over the first AI. Let's hope we're smart enough not to let that happen. Even if humans retain control over AI, the question is who exactly will those humans be? Will these people have the absolute power and be able to give the AI arbitrary orders or will there be some limitations built into the AI from its inception.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

GraphAM- Graph Database-Integrated Active Memory for Generative Language Models

Authors: Donggyu Lee
Comments: 14 Pages.

This study presents an active memory algorithm that generates responses in generative language models using graph databases. The development of generative language models has picked up pace recently, and there are many commercial services available. However, generative language models are limited by problems such as hallucination, low accuracy and reliability, and limitations in contextualizing and remembering. It is expensive and requires a lot of resources to develop pre-training datasets or fine-tune the base model to address these problems. Instead, well-designed prompts can be used to achieve the desired response, but this requires prompt engineers or training, as well as a thorough understanding of generative language models.All conversations are saved in a graph database to build a memory, and when a user asks a question, it proactively identifies the information it needs and pulls it and its neighbors from the graph database for reference as it generates an answer to the question. This approach streamlines the generation of natural language that disentangles complex and interconnected information in the real world. Research has shown that answering questions based on real-world information increases the efficiency and usability of generative language models in processing information and generating answers.In addition, the memory assist algorithm of the graph database converts various text datasets, not only conversations, into property graph models that can be updated in real time, and provides diverse and accurate information to the generative language model, enabling it to generate accurate responses through diverse information while reducing the size of the language model, thereby increasing efficiency and speed.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Application of Deep and Reinforcement Learning to Boundary Control Problems

Authors: Zenin Easa Panthakkalakath, Juraj Kardoš, Olaf Schenk
Comments: 11 Pages.

The boundary control problem is a non-convex optimization and control problem in many scientific domains, including fluid mechanics, structural engineering, and heat transfer optimization. The aim is to find the optimal values for the domain boundaries such that the enclosed domain adhering to the governing equations attains the desired state values. Traditionally, non-linear optimization methods, such as the Interior-Point method (IPM), are used to solve such problems.This project explores the possibilities of using deep learning and reinforcement learning to solve boundary control problems. We adhere to the framework of iterative optimization strategies, employing a spatial neural network to construct well-informed initial guesses, and a spatio-temporal neural network learns the iterative optimization algorithm using policy gradients. Synthetic data, generated from the problems formulated in the literature, is used for training, testing and validation. The numerical experiments indicate that the proposed method can rival the speed and accuracy of existing solvers. In our preliminary results, the network attains costs lower than IPOPT, a state-of-the-art non-linear IPM, in 51% cases. The overall number of floating point operations in the proposed method is similar to that of IPOPT. Additionally, the informed initial guess method and the learned momentum-like behaviour in the optimizer method are incorporated to avoid convergence to local minima.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Performance Evaluation of Machine Learning Algorithms for Intrusion Detection System

Authors: Sudhanshu Sekhar Tripathy, Bichitrananda Behera
Comments: 20 Pages. Please Publish My preprint article

The escalation of hazards to safety and hijacking of digital networks are among the strongest perilous difficulties that must be addressed in the present day. Numerous safety procedures were set up to track and recognize any illicit activity on the network's infrastructure. IDS are the best way to resist and recognize intrusions on internet connections and digital technologies. To classify network traffic as normal or anomalous, Machine Learning (ML) classifiers are increasingly utilized. An IDS with machine learning increases the accuracy with which security attacks are detected. This paper focuses on intrusion detection systems (IDSs) analysis using ML techniques. IDSs utilizing ML techniques are efficient and precise at identifying network assaults. In data with large dimensional spaces, however, the efficacy of these systems degrades. Correspondingly, the case is essential to execute a feasible feature removal technique capable of getting rid of characteristics that have little effect on the classification process. In this paper, we analyze the KDD CUP-'99' intrusion detection dataset used for training and validating ML models. Then, we implement ML classifiers such as "Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, K- Nearest Neighbour, Naïve Bayes, Bernoulli Naïve Bayes, Multinomial Naïve Bayes, XG-Boost Classifier, Ada- Boost, Random Forest, SVM, Rocchio classifier, Ridge, Passive-Aggressive classifier, ANN besides Perceptron (PPN), the optimal classifiers are determined by comparing the results of Stochastic Gradient Descent and back- propagation neural networks for IDS", Conventional categorization indicators, such as "accuracy, precision, recall, and the f1-measure", have been used to evaluate the performance of the ML classification algorithms.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Machine Learning Methods in Algorithmic Trading: An Experimental Evaluation of Supervised Learning Techniques for Stock Price

Authors: Mohammad Javad Maheronnaghsh, Mohammad Mahdi Gheidi, Abolfazl Younesi, Mohammadamin Fazli
Comments: 7 Pages.

In the dynamic world of financial markets, accurate price predictions are essential for informed decision-making. This research proposal outlines a comprehensive study aimed at forecasting stock and currency prices using state-of-the-art Machine Learning (ML) techniques. By delving into the intricacies of models such as Transformers, LSTM, Simple RNN, NHits, and NBeats, we seek to contribute to the realm of financial forecasting, offering valuable insights for investors, financial analysts, and researchers. This article provides an in-depth overview of our methodology, data collection process, model implementations , evaluation metrics, and potential applications of our research findings. The research indicates that NBeats and NHits models exhibit superior performance in financial forecasting tasks, especially with limited data, while Transformers require more data to reach full potential. Our findings offer insights into the strengths of different ML techniques for financial prediction, highlighting specialized models like NBeats and NHits as top performers-thus informing model selection for real-world applications.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Transforming Education Through AI, Benefits, Risks, and Ethical Considerations

Authors: Budee U. Zaman
Comments: 5 Pages.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into education has the potential to revolutionize traditional teaching and learning methods. AI can offer personalized learning experiences, streamline administrative tasks,enhance feedback mechanisms, and provide robust data analysis. Numerous studies have demonstrated the positive impact of AI on both student outcomes and teacher efficiency. However, caution must be exercised when implementing AI in education, considering potential risks and ethical dilemmas. It is essential to use AI as a tool to support human educators rather than replace them entirely. The adoption of AI in education holds the promise of creating more inclusive and effective learning environments, catering to students of diverse backgrounds and abilities. As AI technology continues to advance, the education sector can anticipate even more innovative applications, further shaping the future of learning.This abstract provides an overview of the multifaceted landscape of AI in education, highlighting its potential benefits, associated challenges, and the importance of responsible integration.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Analysis of Mpai-MMC V2 Draft

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 5 Pages.

This short paper provides a short list of comments in answer to the request for public comments for the MPAI MMC (Multi-modal conversations) V2.Our concerns can be grouped in terms of questions on business value, on the architecture assumptions, the standardized artefacts, and the scope of the MMC use cases. Except for the latter, these comments can probably read, and apply to other drafts published by MPAI (MOVING PICTURE, AUDIO AND DATA CODING BY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE) and on-going activities.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Lord Rama Devotees Algorithm: A New Human-Inspired Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithm

Authors: Satish Gajawada
Comments: 4 Pages.

Several Human-Inspired Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms were proposed in literature. But the concept of Devotees-Inspired Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms is not yet explored. In this article, Lord Rama Devotees Algorithm (LRDA) is proposed which is a new Devotees-Inspired Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithm.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Hyperparameter Optimization and Interpretation in Machine Learning

Authors: Farid Soroush
Comments: 12 Pages.

Machine learning has undergone tremendous advancements, paving the way for a myriad of applications across industries. In the midst of this progress, the significance of hyperparameter tuning and model evaluation can't be understated, as they play a critical role in achieving optimal model performance. This project delves into the realm of ML model optimization and evaluation, harnessing Bayesian Optimization, SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations), and traditional evaluation matrices. By focusing on a decision tree classifier, the study investigates the efficiency of various hyperparameter tuning methods, the interpretability of model decisions, and the robustness of performance metrics. Preliminary results suggest that Bayesian Optimization may offer advantages in efficiency over traditional tuning methods. Furthermore, SHAP values provide deeper insights into model decision-making, fostering better transparency and trust in ML applications.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Anomalous Payload Detection System by the Combination of Sparse-Response Deep Belief Network and Support Vector Machine

Authors: Han Ok Chol, Hyon Hui Song, Pak Chol Ryong
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper proposes how to detect malicious network data effectivelyby the combination of sparse-response deep belief network and support vector machine.The Sparse-response Deep belief networks (SR-DBN) is an efficient non-supervised leaning machine for learning feature representation of the data without redundancy and the Support Vector Machine is designed to develop a classifier, which has high generalization ability in the feature space, in a supervised manner. In this paper, the feature representation of anomalous payload is performed by Sparse-response Deep belief Networks(SR-DBN), while the classification of normal or abnormal payload is performed by Support Vector Machine. Simulations and experiments show that the proposed abnormal network-detecting system is higher detection rate than the multi-layer perceptron which has stacked auto-encoder.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Red Teaming Generative Ai/nlp, the BB84 Quantum Cryptography Protocol and the Nist-Approved Quantum-Resistant Cryptographic Algorithms

Authors: Petar Radanliev, David De Roure, Omar Santos
Comments: 30 Pages.

In the contemporary digital age, Quantum Computing and Artificial Intelligence (AI) convergence is reshaping the cyber landscape, introducing both unprecedented opportunities and potential vulnerabilities.This research, conducted over five years, delves into the cybersecurity implications of this convergence, with a particular focus on AI/Natural Language Processing (NLP) models and quantum cryptographic protocols, notably the BB84 method and specific NIST-approved algorithms. Utilising Python and C++ as primary computational tools, the study employs a "red teaming" approach, simulating potential cyber-attacks to assess the robustness of quantum security measures. Preliminary research over 12 months laid the groundwork, which this study seeks to expand upon, aiming to translate theoretical insights into actionable, real-world cybersecurity solutions. Located at the University of Oxford's technology precinct, the research benefits from state-of-the-art infrastructure and a rich collaborative environment. The study's overarching goal is to ensure that as the digital world transitions to quantum-enhanced operations, it remains resilient against AI-driven cyber threats. The research aims to foster a safer, quantum-ready digital future through iterative testing, feedback integration, and continuous improvement. The findings are intended for broad dissemination, ensuring that the knowledge benefits academia and the global community, emphasising the responsible and secure harnessing of quantum technology.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Prototype-based Feature Selection with the Nafes Package

Authors: Nana Abeka Otoo, Muhammad Abubakar
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper introduces Nafes as a prototype-based feature selection package designed as a wrapper centered on the highly interpretable and powerful Generalized Matrix Learning Vector Quantization (GMLVQ) classification algorithm and its local variant (LGMLVQ). Nafes utilizes the learned relevances evaluated by the mutation validation scheme for Learning Vector quantization (LVQ), which iteratively converges to selected features that relevantly contribute to the prototype-based classifier decisions.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Tumor Angiogenic Optimizer: a New Bio-Inspired Based Metaheuristic

Authors: Hernández Rodríguez, Matías Ezequiel
Comments: 10 pages, 2 figures

In this article, we propose a new metaheuristic inspired by the morphogenetic cellular movements of endothelial cells (ECs) that occur during the tumor angiogenesis process. This algorithm starts with a random initial population. In each iteration, the best candidate selected as the tumor, while the other individuals in the population are treated as ECs migrating toward the tumor's direction following a coordinated dynamics through a spatial relationship between tip and follower ECs. EC movements mathematical model in angiogenic morphogenesis are detailed in the article.This algorithm has an advantage compared to other similar optimization metaheuristics:the model parameters are already configured according to the tumor angiogenesis phenomenon modeling, preventing researchers from initializing them with arbitrary values.Subsequently, the algorithm is compared against well-known benchmark functions, and the results are validated through a comparative study with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The results demonstrate that the algorithm is capable of providing highly competitive outcomes.Also the proposed algorithm is applied to a real-world problem. The results showed that the proposed algorithm performed effective in solving constrained optimization problems, surpassing other known algorithms.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Can Artificial Intelligence be Conscious?

Authors: Victor Senkevich
Comments: 14 Pages.

All magic and mystery disappear as soon as an obscure mysterious concept gets a rigorous formaldefinition.In order to provide an opportunity to talk about the applicability of philosophical / cognitiveconcepts to the subject area of AI, it is necessary to "ground" these concepts by formulating rigorous formal definitions for them. The fundamental importance of such formal definitions is quite obvious, since any concepts applied to the field of Information Technology must be "codable", i.e. potentially implementable in program code. Thus, the "codable" formal definitions of cognitive terms are the necessary basis on which alone it is possible to build the architecture of AI technology that has the ability to embody these concepts in a real software. The question of the adequacy of such definitions of "reality" and their compliance with existing generally accepted philosophical theories is also very important and quite discussable, but this does not affect the priority and fundamental nature of the requirement for the formulation of "codable" formal definitions.The formulation of "codable" definitions for the concept of "consciousness" and related cognitive concepts and, based on them, statements about their applicability to the subject area ofAI is the topic of this publication.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

An ADMM Algorithm for a Generic L0 Sparse Overlapping Group Lasso Problem

Authors: Youming Zhao
Comments: 10 Pages.

We present an alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) for a generic overlapping group lasso problem, where the groups can be overlapping in an arbitrary way. Meanwhile, we prove the lower bounds and upper bounds for both the $ell_1$ sparse group lasso problem and the $ell_0$ sparse group lasso problem. Also, we propose the algorithms for computing these bounds.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Mutation Validation for Learning Vector Quantization

Authors: Nana Abeka Otoo
Comments: 12 Pages.

Mutation validation as a complement to existing applied machine learning validation schemes hasbeen explored in recent times. Exploratory work for Learning vector quantization (LVQ) based onthis model-validation scheme remains to be discovered. This paper proposes mutation validation as an extension to existing cross-validation and holdout schemes for Generalized LVQ and its advanced variants. The mutation validation scheme provides a responsive, interpretable, intuitive and easily comprehensible score that complements existing validation schemes employed in the performance evaluation of the prototype-based LVQ family of classification algorithms. This paper establishes a relation between the mutation validation scheme and the goodness of fit evaluation for four LVQ models: Generalized LVQ, Generalized Matrix LVQ, Generalized Tangent LVQ and Robust Soft LVQ models. Numerical evaluation regarding these models complexity and effects on test outcomes,pitches mutation validation scheme above cross-validation and holdout schemes.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Using Machine Learning to Classify and Localize Stellar Objects

Authors: Ahmed Taha Hassina
Comments: 10 Pages.

Mapping the universe has always been a salient endeavor in astronomy and astrophysics. Advancements in observational astronomy have generated vast amounts of data containing various features of celestial objects. Inducing a growing need for accurate and detailed classification and localization of stellar objects in the cosmos. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study that combines machine learning techniques to classify celestial objects into distinct categories and predict their precise locations in the sky. This study is divided into two parts: a classification task, where the stellar objects are classified into galaxies, stars, or quasars (quasi-stellar radio sources). The resulting model exhibits exceptional performance in differentiating these objects, as demonstrated by high classification accuracy. We extend our analysis to predict the location of stellar objects using regression techniques. By employing multi-target regression, we model the right ascension and declination coordinates, enabling accurate localization of celestial objects on the celestial sphere. The practical implications of our research lie in producing comprehensive celestial catalogs, facilitating targeted observations, and contributing to the broader field of observational astronomy. The ability to accurately classify and localize stellar objects lays the groundwork for mapping the cosmos and advancing our understanding of the universe's intricate structure.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Improved Memory-guided Normality with Specialized Training Techniques of Deep SVDD

Authors: Xie Lei
Comments: 2 Pages.

Deep learning techniques have shown remarkable success in various tasks, including feature learning, representation learning, and data reconstruction. Autoencoders, a subset of neural networks, are particularly powerful in capturing data patterns and generating meaningful representations. This paper presents an investigation into the use of combination with Deep SVDD and memory modules.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Twenty Second Century Artificial Intelligence

Authors: Satish Gajawada, Hassan Mustafa
Comments: 61 Pages.

Preface: In 20th and 21st Centuries the global optimization algorithms were created by taking inspiration from birds (Particle Swarm Optimization), ants (Ant Colony Optimization), chromosomes (Genetic Algorithms) etc. In "Twenty Second Century Artificial Intelligence" book global optimization algorithms are created by taking inspiration from Humans, Souls, Gods, Satisfied Beings, Mothers, Children, Particular Human Beings and Stories.In 20th and 21st Centuries research scientists focused mainly on Brain Inspired Computing. In "Twenty Second Century Artificial Intelligence" book a new path is shown where algorithms are created by taking inspiration from both heart and brain.In 20th and 21st Centuries the path of "Artificial Intelligence" is the main focus of research. In "Twenty Second Century Artificial Intelligence" book we defined "Artificial Satisfaction".In 20th and 21st Centuries researchers created many algorithms by taking inspiration from Nature (Nature Inspired Computing). In "Twenty Second Century Artificial Intelligence" book we created "Nature Plus Plus Inspired Computing".Abstract: The book defines various new paths as nine different chapters. First, second and third chapters deal with "Artificial Human Optimization", "Artificial Soul Optimization" and "Artificial God Optimization" respectively.Three new branches titled "Artificial Satisfaction", "Deep Loving" and "Nature Plus Plus Inspired Computing" are shown in fourth, fifth and sixth chapters respectively.The seventh chapter describes "Artificial Heart Neural Networks" where algorithms are created by taking inspiration from both Heart and Brain.Two new branches "Artificial Excellence" and "Stories Inspired Optimization Algorithms" are created in last two chapters of this book.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Stories Inspired Optimization Algorithms - The Breakthrough in Artificial Intelligence

Authors: Satish Gajawada
Comments: 2 Pages.

The primary purpose of writing this letter is to invent and define a new area called "Stories Inspired Optimization Algorithms (SIOA)".
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Humans or Artificial Intelligence: Who Will Rule the World?

Authors: Vitaly Pilkin
Comments: 11 Pages.

To understand the degree of danger of AI for human civilization and the existence of humanity as a whole is possible only through understanding the Universe, the place of humans in the Universe and understanding the nature of thinking, consciousness and mentality.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Structural Embeddings of Tools for Large Language Models

Authors: Eren Unlu
Comments: 5 Pages.

It is evident that the current state of Large Language Models (LLMs) necessitates the incorporation of external tools. The lack of straightforward algebraic and logical reasoning is well documented and prompted researchers to develop frameworks which allow LLMs to operate via external tools. The ontological nature of tool utilization for a specific task can be well formulated with a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). The central aim of the paper is to highlight the importance of graph based approaches to LLM-tool interaction in near future. We propose an exemplary framework to guide the orchestration of exponentially increasing numbers of external tools with LLMs, where objectives and functionalities of tools are graph encoded hierarchically. Assuming that textual segments of a Chain-of-Thought (CoT) can be imagined as a tool as defined here, the graph based framework can pave new avenues in that particular direction as well.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Training Self-Supervised Class-Conditional Gan by Adjusting Categorical Latent Distribution

Authors: Jeongik Cho
Comments: 11 Pages.

Class-conditional GAN is a conditional GAN that can generate class-conditional distribution. Among class-conditional GANs, InfoGAN with categorical latent distribution can generate class-conditional data through a self-supervised (unsupervised) method without labeled data. Instead, InfoGAN requires optimal categorical latent distribution to train the model. In this paper, we propose a novel GAN that allows the model to perform self-supervised class-conditional data generation and clustering. The proposed method uses Bayesian inference to estimate optimal categorical latent distribution from the classifier output distribution. In the proposed method, based on the classifier output distribution of the fake data and the current categorical latent distribution, the categorical latent distribution is updated to fit the classifier output distribution of the real data. As training progresses, the entropy of the categorical latent distribution gradually decreases and converges to the appropriate value. The approximated categorical latent distribution becomes appropriate to represent the discrete part of the data distribution. The proposed method does not require labeled data, optimal categorical latent distribution, and a good metric to calculate the distance between data. Also, a classifier used in training can be used for clustering.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Generative Pre-Trained Transformers, Natural Language Processing and Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (Ai/ml) in Software Vulnerability Management: Automations in the Software Bill of Materials (Sbom) and the Vulnerability-Exploitability Excha

Authors: Petar Radanliev, David De Roure, Omar Santos
Comments: 7 Pages.

One of the most burning topics in cybersecurity in 2023 will undoubtedly be the compliance with the Software Bill of Materials. Since the US president issued the Executive Order 14028 on Improving the Nation’s Cybersecurity, software developers have prepared and bills are transmitted to vendors, customers, and users, but they don’t know what to do with the reports they are getting. In addition, since software developers have identified the values of the Software Bill of Materials, they have been using the reports extensively. This article presents an estimate of 270 million requests per month, just from form one popular tool to one vulnerability index. This number is expected to double every year and a half. This simple estimate explains the urgency for automating the process. We propose solutions based on artificial intelligence and machine learning, and we base our tools on the existing FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable). This methodology is supported with a case study research and Grounded theory, for categorising data into axis, and for verifying the values of the tools with experts in the field. We showcase how to create, and share Vulnerability Exploitability eXchange data, and automate the Software Bill of Materials compliance process with AI models and a unified computational framework combining solutions for the following problems: (1) the data utilisation problem, (2) the automation and scaling problem, (3) the naming problem, (4) the alignment problem, (5) the pedigree, and provenance problem, and many other problems that are on the top of mind for many security engineers at present. The uptake of these findings will depend on collaborations with government and industry, and on the availability and the ease of use of automated tools.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Efficient Data Storage and Machine Learning

Authors: Mirzakhmet Syzdykov
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this work we present to reader the novel research on account for efficiency of compression algorithms like Lempel-Ziv Welch and Aho-Corasick trees. We use them to build the proper storage which is called file system in a separate or generalized stream of data. These streams weren’t adopted before for big data to be compressed and queried at a fast pace. We will show further that this is the most efficient model for storing arrays of data on a server end for a final file system. The efficient algorithm for Machine Learning on Aho-Corasick trees is also presented which performs the query in linear time without getting more time on the models like neural networks which are very hardware demanding nowadays. The data structure like trie by Turing Award winner Alfred V. Aho and Margaret J. Corasick remain of big potential in the present time and are subjected to extensive research in this work.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence for Complexity Theory

Authors: Mirzakhmet Syzdykov
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this continued series of work, we present the theoretical and practical results towardsreasoning with modern methods of Artificial Intelligence (AI). We justify our methodology with help of illustrative examples from Computer Science relying on the regular expression matching algorithm and application of the proposed solution for the task of identifying files consistency according to the unknown format. We will also give several notable proofs to the classical theorems which in some sense are coherent to the terms like AI and algorithmic complexity, however, or at least, nowadays they’re solved involving the huge amount of hardware resources and together constitute the new formation in the modern age with help of specifically crafter hardware modules — we’re still about to represent the model in more classical understanding from the point of view of computational complexity, concise reasoning and computer logic within the classical models, theorems and proofs as the base approach of estimating the costs needed to build Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) or Machine Learning (ML) data
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Fine-Tuning a BERT Model for Email Classification: Leveraging Personal Gmail Inbox

Authors: Rafael Costa da Silva
Comments: 8 Pages.

This study aims to develop an effective model for classifying emails as wanted or unwanted using fine-tuned BERT models. The process involved downloading the Gmail inbox through Google Takeout and converting the data to Parquet format. A frequency distribution analysis of From emails was conducted, and the emails were manually classified. A final dataset was created with email subject, classification, and binary labels. The BERT-base-multilingualcased model was fine-tuned using about 10,000 observations for each category. The resulting models achieved an accuracy of 0.9429411764705883. The models are publicly available in Hugging Face's model repository
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Comparative Analysis for Predicting Shelf life of Fruits Using Advanced Deep Learning Approaches

Authors: Sanath Shenoy, Radhika Mishra, Ruchi Chaturvedi, Krushnakant Bhagwat
Comments: 7 Pages.

The food industry aims to reduce food waste andensure the delivery of fresh produce to consumers, making it crucial to predict fruit shelf life accurately. Traditional approaches rely on expensive and time-consuming laboratory testing, which often involves destructive methods. However,recent studies suggested that advanced deep learning techniques can predict fruit shelf life accurately and efficiently. This paper presents a novel approach to predicting fruit shelflife using deep learning models. The study focuses on the application of these advanced techniques to forecast the shelf life of bananas, which can contribute significantly to achievingthe food industry's objective.The study tries to develop accurate and efficient models that could predict the maturity of bananas, based on their average shelf-life and appearance. In order toachieve this objective, two object detection algorithms—Faster R-CNN and You Only Look Once (YOLO) are used and their performance is compared in the present research. The dataset has been created by collecting images of the life cycle of bananas and segregating them based on their maturity. Various preprocessing and augmentation techniques have been applied to enhance the features of the training dataset which is useful to get better accuracy. The algorithms were trained on the family of Cavendish Bananas dataset and were able to predict the shelf life ofbananas with better training accuracy. The YOLO algorithm which is known for efficiency is compared with Faster R-CNN well known for identifying very fine features. This studydemonstrates the potential of deep learning algorithms in predicting the shelf life of bananas and can be extended to different fruits.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

On Monitorability of AI

Authors: Roman V. Yampolskiy
Comments: 30 Pages.

Artificially Intelligent (AI) systems have ushered in a transformative era across various domains, yet their inherent traits of unpredictability, unexplainability, and uncontrollability have given rise to concerns surrounding AI safety. This paper aims to demonstrate the infeasibility of accurately monitoring advanced AI systems to predict the emergence of certain capabilities prior to their manifestation. Through an analysis of the intricacies of AI systems, the boundaries of human comprehension, and the elusive nature of emergent behaviors, we argue for the impossibility of reliably foreseeing some capabilities. By investigating these impossibility results, we shed light on their potential implications for AI safety research and propose potential strategies to overcome these limitations.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Boolean Structured Autoencoder Convolutional Deep Learning Network (BSautoconvnet)

Authors: Sing Kuang Tan
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper, I am going to propose a new Boolean Structured Autoencoder Convolutional Deep Learning Network (BSautoconvnet) built on top of BSconvnet, based on the concept of monotone multi-layer Boolean algebra. I have shown that this network has achieved significant improvement in accuracy over an ordinary Relu Autoencoder Convolutional Deep Learning Network with much lesser number of parameters on the CIFAR10 dataset. The model is evaluated by visual inspection of the quality of the reconstructed images against groundtruth with reconstructed images by models in the internet.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Introducing Proteus: a Mega Prompt with Personality, Skills and Dynamic Logic Based Internal Prompt Manipulation

Authors: Shaun Stoltz
Comments: 10 Pages.

There have been significant improvements in directing large language models (LLM) toanswer logic-based question such as mathematical reasoning tasks. This has resulted innear perfect performance on these types of problems with accuracy levels in the mid ninetypercentile level using state of the art models (GPT-4). The achievement of this level ofaccuracy has previously needed a multi-prompt approach to elicit better performances fromLLM’s. This paper introduces a new prompt paradigm termed "Mega prompt" and furtherintroduces Proteus, a state of the art mega prompt, that has been used to achieve a newlevel of accuracy on the GSM8K math data set of 97%.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Competences in Ontology-based Enterprise Architecture Modeling: Zooming In and Out

Authors: Rodrigo F. Calhau, João Paulo A. Almeida, Giancarlo Guizzardi
Comments: 27 Pages. Preprint submitted to the International Journal on Software and Systems Modeling (SoSyM), Trends in Enterprise Architecture Management Research

Competence-based approaches have received increased attention, as the demand for qualified people with the right combination of competences establishes itself as a major factor of organizational performance. This paper examines how competences can be incorporated into Enterprise Architecture modeling: (i) we identify a key set of competence-related concepts such as skills, knowledge, and attitudes, (ii) analyze and relate them using a reference ontology (grounded on the Unified Foundational Ontology), and (iii) propose a representation strategy for modeling competences and their constituent elements leveraging the ArchiMate language, discussing how the proposed models can fit in enterprise competence-based practices. Our approach is intended to cover two tasks relevant to the combined application of Enterprise Architecture and Competence Modeling: `zooming in' on competences, revealing the relations between competences, knowledge, skills, attitudes and other personal characteristics that matter in organizational performance, and `zooming out' of competences, placing them in the wider context of other personal competences and overall organizational capabilities.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

EEG Emotion Classification Using 3-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks

Authors: Maksym Oleksandrovich Stavratii
Comments: 7 Pages.

Classification of electroencephalography (EEG) signals has important applications in the diagnosis and treatment of various neurological disorders. In this paper, we propose a methodology for classifying EEG signals based on signal processing using wavelet transform and superlet transform. The wavelet transform is used to decompose the EEG signal into frequency components, which are then used as features for classification. The proposed approach is evaluated using the publicly available "GAMEEMO" EEG dataset, which has been annotated by valence and emotional arousal. We use a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for classification at the waveform level. The results of this study suggest that the wavelet transform and its modifications, such as the superlet transform, can be valuable tools for analyzing and classifying EEG signals
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Boolean Structured Convolutional Deep Learning Network (BSconvnet)

Authors: Sing Kuang Tan
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper, I am going to propose a new Boolean Structured Convolutional Deep Learning Network (BSconvnet) built on top of BSnet, based on the concept of monotone multi-layer Boolean algebra. I have shown that this network has achieved significant improvement in accuracy over an ordinary Relu Convolutional Deep Learning Network with much lesser number of parameters on the CIFAR10 dataset.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Detection of Abnormalities in Blood Cells Using a Region-based Segmentation Approach and Supervised Machine Learning Algorithm

Authors: Nagueu Djambong Lionel Perin, Waku Kouomou Jules, Hippolyte Kenfack Tapamo, Jimbo H. Claver
Comments: 11 Pages.

Screening (slide reading stage) is a manual human activity in cytology which consists of theinspection or analysis by the cytotechnician of all the cells present on a slide. Segmentation of bloodcells is an important research question in hematology and other related elds. Since this activity is human-based, detection of abnormal cells becomes dicult. Nowadays, medical image processing has recently become a very important discipline for computer-aided diagnosis, in which many methods are applied to solve real problems. Our research work is in the eld of computer-assisted diagnosis on blood images for the detection of abnormal cells. To this end, we propose a hybrid segmentation method to extract the correct shape from the nuclei to extract features and classify them usingSVM and KNN binary classifiers. In order to evaluate the performance of hybrid segmentation and the choice of the classication model, we carried out a comparative study between our hybrid segmentation method followed by our SVM classication model and a segmentation method based on global thresholding followed by a KNN classication model. After this study, it appears from the experiments carried out on the 62 images of blood smears, that the SVM binary classication model gives us an accuracy of 97% for the hybrid segmentation and 57% in the global thresholding and 95% for the KNN Classi cation Model. As our dataset was not balanced, we evaluated precision, recall,F1 score and cross validation with the Strated K-Fold cross validation algorithm of each of these segmentation methods and classication models. We obtain respectively: 93.75%; 98.712% and 99% for hybrid segmentation reecting its effectiveness compared to global fixed threshold segmentation and KNN classication model. To evaluate the performance of these models we obtained the following results: 77% of mean accuracy in the SVM and 61% of mean accuracy in the KNN, 84% of mean testaccuracy in the SVM and 74% mean test accuracy in the KNN making the best performing SVMmodel
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Investigating the Efficacy of the Natural Language Processing AI: ChatGPT in Emotion Recognition and Psychological Intervention

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 10 Pages.

This registered report aims to compare the emotion recognition accuracy and effectiveness of psychological interventions provided by ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence (AI) language model, and human mental health professionals. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, incorporating quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Participants will be assessed on emotion recognition tasks, and a randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be conducted to compare the effectiveness of psychological interventions provided by ChatGPT and human professionals. Additionally, semi-structured interviews will be conducted to explore participants' experiences with ChatGPT and human-guided interventions. This comprehensive study design aims to provide valuable insights into the potential of AI in the field of mental health and to identify areas where improvements can be made to optimize AI-guided psychological interventions.Key words: emotion recognition, natural language processing, mental health, psychological interventions, ChatGPT, human mental health professionals.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Causation and Correlation

Authors: Ait-Taleb Nabil
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this paper, I will introduce the causation's magnitude allowing to compute the importance of causes in the cause-and-effect relationship from correlation matrix.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

TrueGPT: An AI Model Designed for Empowering Actions

Authors: Dodonov Anton
Comments: 5 Pages.

TrueGPT is a novel artificial intelligence model that emphasizes actionable solutions and user empowerment. It is trained on a curated dataset that eliminates expressions of uncertainty, focusing instead on delivering output that promotes agency and decisiveness. With the ability to produce output in the flexible and interactive RoboScript format, TrueGPT encourages dynamic interactions and a broader range of AI-assisted use cases. The model is designed to seamlessly integrate with various applications and systems, such as RoboGPT, offering enhanced functionality. Its flexible API allows for diverse applications, from daily tasks to specialized use cases. At its core, TrueGPT's mission is to empower users, aiding them in their productivity and assisting them in achieving their goals through actionable guidance. This paper presents the design, functionality, and features of TrueGPT, illustrating its potential as a powerful tool for a new era of AI assistance.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Emperor with no Clothes: Chomsky Against Chatgpt

Authors: Gennady Shkliarevsky
Comments: 41 Pages.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is all the rage these days. The coming to grips with this new development is now in full swing. The main questions that we seek to answer in relation to AI pivot on one fundamental problem: Can we create AI that will match human intelligence? This contribution addresses this question. It centers on the recent article published by Noam Chomsky and his two co-authors. After a brief overview of the development of AI and its capabilities, the article presents the perspective on AI presented by Chomsky and his colleagues. It also offers a criticism of this perspective. The last sections of the contribution discuss the relationship between humans and machines. They outline the parameters that AI should satisfy to achieve the professed objective of its creators. Most importantly, the article argues, AI should embody the process of creation that can only be possible if we embrace this process and make it the central organizing principle of our theory and practice.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

RoboGPT: Harnessing the Power of the Internet for Advanced AI-driven Problem Solving, Goal Achievement, and Human Communication

Authors: Dodonov Anton
Comments: 3 Pages.

RoboGPT is a cutting-edge AI model that leverages the power of the internet to enhance interactions, problem-solving, and communication with users. In this paper, we present the unique features of RoboGPT, its underlying cognitive mechanisms, and various applications and use cases. RoboGPT builds upon the foundations of ChatGPT, offering advanced capabilities such as active internet engagement, web-based search, and goal-oriented task execution. We discuss the innovations that RoboGPT brings to the field of artificial intelligence and explore how it can be effectively applied to a wide range of real-world tasks and human communication scenarios.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Bio-Inspired Simple Neural Network for Low-Light Image Restoration: A Minimalist Approach

Authors: Junjie Ye, Jilin Zhao
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this study, we explore the potential of using a straightforward neural network inspired by the retina model to efficiently restore low-light images. The retina model imitates the neurophysiological principles and dynamics of various optical neurons. Our proposed neural network model reduces the computational overhead compared to traditional signal-processing models while achieving results similar to complex deep learning models from a subjective perceptual perspective. By directly simulating retinal neuron functionalities with neural networks, we not only avoid manual parameter optimization but also lay the groundwork for constructing artificial versions of specific neurobiological organizations.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Ten Artificial Human Optimization Algorithms

Authors: Satish Gajawada, Hassan Mustafa
Comments: 18 Pages.

The term "Artificial Human Optimization" was first coined by the corresponding author of this work in December 2016 when he published a paper titled "Entrepreneur : Artificial Human Optimization" at Transactions on Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (TMLAI) Volume 4, No 6 (December 2016). According to that paper published in 2016, Artificial Human Optimization Field is defined as the collection of all those optimization algorithms which were proposed based on Artificial Humans. In real world we (Humans) solve the problems. In the same way Artificial Humans imitate real Humans in the search space and solve the optimization problems. In Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) the basic entities in the solution space are Artificial Birds whereas in Artificial Human Optimization the basic entities in search space are Artificial Humans. Each Artificial Human corresponds to a point in the solution space. Ten Artificial Human Optimization methods titled "Human Bhagavad Gita Particle Swarm Optimization (HBGPSO)", "Human Poverty Particle Swarm Optimization (HPPSO)", "Human Dedication Particle Swarm Optimization (HuDePSO)", "Human Selection Particle Swarm Optimization (HuSePSO)", "Human Safety Particle Swarm Optimization (HuSaPSO)", "Human Kindness Particle Swarm Optimization (HKPSO)", "Human Relaxation Particle Swarm Optimization (HRPSO)", "Multiple Strategy Human Particle Swarm Optimization (MSHPSO)", "Human Thinking Particle Swarm Optimization (HTPSO)", "Human Disease Particle Swarm Optimization (HDPSO)" are applied on various benchmark functions and results obtained are shown in this work.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Soul Optimization - An Invention

Authors: Satish Gajawada, Hassan Mustafa
Comments: 9 Pages.

The Soul is eternal and exists even after death of a person or animal. The main idea that is captured in this work is that soul continues to exist and takes a different body after the death. The primary goal of this work is to invent a new field titled "Artificial Soul Optimization (ASO)". The term "Artificial Soul Optimization" is coined in this paper. All the Optimization algorithms which are proposed based on Artificial Souls will come under "Artificial Soul Optimization" Field (ASO Field). In the Particle Swarm Optimization and Artificial Human Optimization, the basic entities in search space are Artificial Birds and Artificial Humans respectively. Similarly, in Artificial Soul Optimization, the basic entities in search space are Artificial Souls. In this work, the ASO Field concepts are added to Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to create a new hybrid algorithm titled "Soul Particle Swarm Optimization (SoPSO). The proposed SoPSO algorithm is applied on various benchmark functions. Results obtained are compared with PSO algorithm. The World's first Hybrid PSO algorithm based on Artificial Souls is created in this work.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Satisfaction - The Brother of Artificial Intelligence

Authors: Satish Gajawada, Hassan Mustafa
Comments: 8 Pages.

John McCarthy (September 4, 1927 — October 24, 2011) was an American computer scientist and cognitive scientist. The term "Artificial Intelligence" was coined by him (Wikipedia, 2020). Satish Gajawada (March 12, 1988 — Present) is an Indian Independent Inventor and Scientist. He coined the term "Artificial Satisfaction" in this article (Gajawada, S., and Hassan Mustafa, 2019a). A new field titled "Artificial Satisfaction" is introduced in this article. "Artificial Satisfaction" will be referred to as "The Brother of Artificial Intelligence" after the publication of this article. A new algorithm titled "Artificial Satisfaction Algorithm (ASA)" is designed and implemented in this work. For the sake of simplicity, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm is modified with Artificial Satisfaction Concepts to create the "Artificial Satisfaction Algorithm (ASA)". PSO and ASA algorithms are applied on five benchmark functions. A comparision is made between the results obtained. The focus of this paper is more on defining and introducing "Artificial Satisfaction Field" to the rest of the world rather than on implementing complex algorithms from scratch.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Deep Loving - The Friend of Deep Learning

Authors: Satish Gajawada, Hassan Mustafa
Comments: 5 Pages.

Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning are good fields of research. Recently, the brother of Artificial Intelligence titled "Artificial Satisfaction" was introduced in literature [10]. In this article, we coin the term "Deep Loving". After the publication of this article, "Deep Loving" will be considered as the friend of Deep Learning. Proposing a new field is different from proposing a new algorithm. In this paper, we strongly focus on defining and introducing "Deep Loving Field" to Research Scientists across the globe. The future of the "Deep Loving" field is predicted by showing few future opportunities in this new field. The definition of Deep Learning is shown followed by a literature review of the "Deep Loving" field. The World's First Deep Loving Algorithm (WFDLA) is designed and implemented in this work by adding Deep Loving concepts to Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm. Results obtained by WFDLA are compared with the PSO algorithm.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Nature Plus Plus Inspired Computing - The Superset of Nature Inspired Computing

Authors: Satish Gajawada, Hassan Mustafa
Comments: 5 Pages.

The term "Nature Plus Plus Inspired Computing" is coined by us in this article. The abbreviation for this new term is "N++IC." Just like the C++ programming language is a superset of C programming language, Nature Plus Plus Inspired Computing (N++IC) field is a superset of the Nature Inspired Computing (NIC) field. We defined and introduced "Nature Plus Plus Inspired Computing Field" in this work. Several interesting opportunities in N++IC Field are shown for Artificial Intelligence Field Scientists and Students. We show a literature review of the N++IC Field after showing the definition of Nature Inspired Computing (NIC) Field. The primary purpose of publishing this innovative article is to show a new path to NIC Field Scientists so that they can come up with various innovative algorithms from scratch. As the focus of this article is to introduce N++IC to researchers across the globe, we added N++IC Field concepts to the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm and created the "Children Cycle Riding Algorithm (CCR Algorithm)". Finally, results obtained by CCR Algorithm are shown, followed by Conclusions.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Heart Neural Networks - An Idea

Authors: Satish Gajawada, Arun Kumar, Maria Celestina Vanaja, Baby Supriya Sri Valikala
Comments: 4 Pages.

Artificial Neural Networks Field (ANN Field) is an exciting field of research. ANN field took its inspiration from Human Brain. The heart and Brain are very important for the survival of Humans. Research Scientists published many articles by giving importance to Brain. But scientists have not yet explored much on the Heart which is another important part in addition to the Brain. The primary purpose of publishing this article is to show a path to ANN field Research Scientists by introducing the concept of "Heart" into Artificial Neural Networks. In this paper, we coined and defined "Artificial Heart Neuron", which is the basic part of Artificial Heart Neural Networks Field (AHNN Field) in addition to Artificial Neuron. This work takes its inspiration from both Heart and Brain.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Out of the Box Artificial Intelligence (OBAI): The Beginning of a New Era in Artificial Intelligence

Authors: Satish Gajawada, Hassan Mustafa
Comments: 11 Pages.

The main purpose of writing this article is to unify all the OUT OF THE BOX ideas (under Artificial Intelligence) invented by the corresponding author of this work during the period (2013-2022) under a single umbrella titled "Out of the BOX Artificial Intelligence Field (OBAI Field)". All the OUT OF THE BOX ideas which are proposed under Artificial Intelligence will come under new field titled OBAI Field which is defined in this work. A new Artificial Intelligence field titled "Artificial Cartoon Algorithms (ACA)" is invented in this work. ACA is a sub-field of OBAI field as it is an OUT OF THE BOX idea. Four new algorithms titled "Artificial Cartoon Popeye Algorithm", "Artificial Cartoon Chhota Bheem Algorithm", "Artificial Cartoon Jerry Algorithm" and "Artificial Cartoon Happy Kid Algorithm" are designed in this work.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Interesting and Complete Artificial Intelligence (ICAI) - Version 1

Authors: Satish Gajawada, Hassan Mustafa
Comments: 8 Pages.

A new field titled "The Interesting and Complete Artificial Intelligence (ICAI)" is invented in this work. In this article, we define this new ICAI field. Four new ICAI algorithms are designed in this work. This paper titled "The Interesting and Complete Artificial Intelligence (ICAI) — Version 1" is just the starting point of this new field. We request Research Scientists across the globe to work in this new direction of Artificial Intelligence and publish their work with titles such as "The Interesting and Complete Artificial Intelligence (ICAI) — Version 1.1", "The Interesting and Complete Artificial Intelligence (ICAI) — Version 2" or "The Interesting and Complete Artificial Intelligence (ICAI) — Final Version".
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Artificial God Optimization - A Creation

Authors: Satish Gajawada, Hassan Mustafa
Comments: 12 Pages.

Nature Inspired Optimization Algorithms have become popular for solving complex Optimization problems. Two most popular Global Optimization Algorithms are Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Of the two, PSO is very simple and many Research Scientists have used PSO to solve complex Optimization Problems. Hence PSO is chosen in this work. The primary focus of this paper is on imitating God who created the nature. Hence the term "Artificial God Optimization (AGO)" is coined in this paper. AGO is a new field which is invented in this work. A new Algorithm titled "God Particle Swarm Optimization (GoPSO)" is created and applied on various benchmark functions. The World's first Hybrid PSO Algorithm based on Artificial Gods is created in this work. GoPSO is a hybrid Algorithm which comes under AGO Field as well as PSO Field. Results obtained by PSO are compared with created GoPSO algorithm. A list of opportunities that are available in AGO field for Artificial Intelligence field experts are shown in this work.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Excellence - A New Branch of Artificial Intelligence

Authors: Satish Gajawada
Comments: 8 Pages.

Artificial Excellence is a new field which is invented in this article. Artificial Excellence is a new field which belongs to Artificial Human Optimization field. Artificial Human Optimization is a sub-field of Evolutionary Computing. Evolutionary Computing is a sub-field of Computational Intelligence. Computational Intelligence is an area of Artificial Intelligence. Hence after the publication of this article Artificial Excellence (AE) will become popular as a new branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI). A new algorithm titled Artificial Satish Gajawada and Durga Toshniwal Algorithm (ASGDTA) is designed in this work. The definition of AE is given in this article followed by many opportunities in the new AE field. The Literature Review of Artificial Excellence field is shown after showing the definition of Artificial Intelligence. The new ASGDTA Algorithm is explained followed by Results and Conclusions.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

AI++ : Artificial Intelligence Plus Plus

Authors: Satish Gajawada, Hassan Mustafa
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this letter we coined, invented and defined a new branch titled "Artificial Intelligence Plus Plus (AI++)".
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Implementation of The Future of Drug Discovery: Quantum-Based Machine Learning Simulation (QMLS)

Authors: Yew Kee Wong, Yifan Zhou, Yan Shing Liang, Haichuan Qiu
Comments: 9 Pages.

The Research & Development (R&D) phase of drug development is a lengthy and costly process. To revolutionize this process, we introduce our new concept QMLS to shorten the whole R&D phase to three to six months and decrease the cost to merely fifty to eighty thousand USD. For Hit Generation, Machine Learning Molecule Generation (MLMG) generates possible hits according to the molecular structure of the target protein while the Quantum Simulation (QS) filters molecules from the primary essay based on the reaction and binding effectiveness with the target protein. Then, For Lead Optimization, the resultant molecules generated and filtered from MLMG and QS are compared, and molecules that appear as a result of both processes will be made into dozens of molecular variations through Machine Learning Molecule Varication (MLMV), while others will only be made into a few variations. Lastly, all optimized molecules would undergo multiple rounds of QS filtering with a high standard for reaction effectiveness and safety, creating a few dozen pre-clinical-trail-ready drugs. This paper is based on our first paper [1], where we pitched the concept of machine learning combined with quantum simulations. In this paper we will go over the detailed design and framework of QMLS, including MLMG, MLMV, and QS.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The New Answer to Drug Discovery: Quantum Machine Learning in Preclinical Drug Development

Authors: Yew Kee Wong, Yifan Zhou, Yan Shing Liang, Hai Chuan Qiu, Yu Xi Wu, Bin He
Comments: 13 Pages.

The Research & Development (R&D) phase of drug development is a lengthy and costly process, usually spanning from six to nine years [1] and costing four hundred to fourteen hundred million USD [2]. To revolutionize this process, we introduce our new concept-the combination of Quantum-based Machine Learning network (QML) and Quantum Computing Simulation (QS)-to shorten the whole R&D phase to three to six months and decrease the cost to merely fifty to eighty thousand USD. Our program takes the inputs of the target protein/gene structure and the primary essay [3]. For Hit Generation [3], the QML network generates possible hits [4] according to the molecular structure of the target protein while the QS filters molecules from the primary essay based on the reaction and binding effectiveness with the target protein. Then, For Lead Optimization [3], the resultant molecules generated and filtered from QML and QS are compared, and the ones that appear as a result of both processes will be made into dozens of molecular variations, while others will only undergo simple modifications. Lastly, all optimized molecules would undergo multiple rounds of QS filtering with a high standard for reaction effectiveness and safety, creating a few dozen pre-clinical-trail-ready drugs. Our concept of the combination of QML and QS can also prove revolutionary in many other fields, such as agriculture research, genetic editing, and even aerospace engineering.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Information, Knowledge and Intelligence as a Hierarchy of Relations

Authors: Friedrich Sösemann
Comments: 11 pages (english) + 12 pages (german)

Information, knowledge and intelligence are defined as a hierarchy of relations:Information as dependent properties, knowledge as dependent information, and intelligence as dependent knowledge. The same dependency measure applies to all three.Syntax, semantics and pragmatics of descriptions embody information, knowledge and intelligence.The precision and measurability of these terms should reduce vagueness and contradictions in their application.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

New Internet Bulletin Board Idea

Authors: G. Tolimalu
Comments: 1 Page. In Japanese

The author proposes an idea for a new Internet bulletin board.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Improving True AI Intelligence Requires Alternative Approaches, Not Current Popular Approaches

Authors: G. Tolimalu
Comments: 2 Pages.

I will explain why the approach of learning a large amount of natural language does not contribute to the improvement of true AI intelligence, and why an alternative approach is required, in the form of a contrast between the mainstream and the author's views.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Computational Consciousness

Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 8 Pages.

Computational consciousness is a novel hypothesis that aims to repli-cate human consciousness in artificial systems using Multithreaded Prior-ity Queues (MPQs) and machine learning models. The study addressesthe challenge of processing continuous data from various categories, suchas vision, hearing, and speech, to create a coherent and context-aware sys-tem. The proposed model employs parallel processing and multithreading,allowing multiple threads to run simultaneously, each executing a machinelearning model. A priority queue manages the execution of threads, pri-oritizing the most important ones based on the subjective importance ofevents determined by GPT-3.The model incorporates short-term and long-term memory, storinginformation generated at each moment, and uses an Evolutionary Al-gorithm (EA) for training the machine learning models. A preliminaryexperiment was conducted using Python 3.9.12, demonstrating the tech-nical feasibility of the hypothesis. However, limitations such as the lackof a comprehensive environment, absence of load balancing, and GPT-3API constraints were identified.The significance of this study lies in its potential contribution to theunderstanding of consciousness and the development of Artificial GeneralIntelligence (AGI). By exploring the integration of multiple threads ofexecution and machine learning models, this work provides a foundationfor further research and experimentation in the field of computationalconsciousness. Addressing the limitations and potential criticisms willhelp strengthen the model’s validity and contribute to the understandingof this complex phenomenon.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Semi-Automatic Method for Document Classification in the Shipping Industry

Authors: Narayanan Arvind
Comments: 4 Pages. Proceedings of Neptune's conference 2023, Samudramanthan, IIT Kharagpur

In the shipping industry, document classificationplays a crucial role in ensuring that the necessary documents are properly identified and processed for customs clearance. OCR technology is being used to automate the process of documentclassification, which involves identifying important documents such as Commercial Invoices, Packing Lists, Export/Import Customs Declarations, Bills of Lading, Sea Waybills, Certificates, Air or Rail Waybills, Arrival Notices, Certificate of Origin,Importer Security Filings, and Letters of Credit. By using OCR technology, the shipping industry can improve accuracy and efficiency in document classification and streamline the customs clearance process. The aim of this study is to build a robust document classification system based on keyword frequencies. The research is carried out by analyzing "Contract-Breach" law documents available with IN-D. The documents were collected by scraping the Singapore Government Judiciary website. The database developed has 250"Contract-Breach" documents. These documentsare splitted to generate 200 training documents and 50 test documents. A semi-automatic approach is used to select keyword vectors for documentclassification. The accuracy of the reported modelis 92.00 %.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

ChatGPT: The Evolution of Natural Language Processing

Authors: Ho Ngoc Hai
Comments: 68 Pages.

This document focuses on ChatGPT, a natural language processing (NLP) model built by the transformer neural network. The document provides a comprehensive overview of the architecture, training, and fine-tuning of ChatGPT, as well as its applications in various fields, including customer service and support, healthcare, education, research, and development.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Sense Entropy: The Law of Conservation of Sense.

Authors: Egger Mielberg
Comments: 15 Pages.

In this article, we define such key concepts as sense entropy, sense energy,sense efficiency coefficient (SEC). These metrics are critical to determining andmonitoring the performance of any real* AI implementation.We give a description of the basic non-scalar tools for building real artificialintelligence with the ability to adapt to a variety of conditions of its habitat.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Hall Effect Thruster Design Via Deep Neural Network for Additive Manufacturing

Authors: Korolev Konstantin
Comments: 12 Pages. CC BY-NC-SA: Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike

Hall effect thrusters are one of the most versatile and popular electric propulsion systems for space use. Industry trends towards interplanetary missions arise advances in design development of such propulsion systems. It is understood that correct sizing of discharge channel in Hall effect thruster impact performance greatly. Since the complete physics model of such propulsion system is not yet optimized for fast computations and design iterations, most thrusters are being designed using so-called scaling laws. But this work focuses on rather novel approach, which is outlined less frequently than ordinary scaling design approach in literature. Using deep machine learning it is possible to create predictive performance model, which can be used to effortlessly get design of required hall thruster with required characteristics using way less computing power than design from scratch and way more flexible than usual scaling approach.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Deterministic Degradation Process for Diffusion GAN and Its Inversion

Authors: Jeongik Cho
Comments: 10 Pages.

Recently, diffusion models have shown impressive generative performance. However, they have the disadvantage of having a high latent dimension and slow sampling speed. To increase the sampling speed of diffusion models, diffusion GANs have been proposed. But the latent dimension of diffusion GANs using non-deterministic degradation is still high, making it difficult to invert the generative model. In this paper, we introduce an invertible diffusion GAN that uses deterministic degradation. Our proposed method performs inverse diffusion using deterministic degradation without a model, and the generator of the GAN is trained to perform the diffusion process with the latent random variable. The proposed method uses deterministic degradation, so the latent dimension is low enough to be invertible.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Novel Quantum Belief Entropy for Uncertainty Measure in Complex Evidence Theory

Authors: Keming Wu, Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this paper, a new quantum representation of CBBA is proposed. In addition, a novel quantum belief entropy is proposed to measure the uncertainty of CBBA in complex evidence theory.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

¿cómo Crear Un Pensamiento Y Una Inteligencia Artificial? Y La Matemática De Letras
how to Create an Artificial Thought and Intelligence? And the Math of Letters

Authors: Salvador Sánchez Melgar
Comments: 8 Pages. In Spanish

La construcción de un pensamiento y de una inteligencia artificial es posible con el lenguaje de las letras numeradas. Lenguaje que surgió a través de la creación del libro "Nueva matemáticas de letras, triunfa con la matemática" actualizado con el título "Nueva matemáticas de letras 2ª edición". Libros en los que se exponen el lenguaje de las letras y una matemática de letras donde están las sumas, restas, multiplicaciones y divisiones de letras, con ejemplos y sus correspondientes tablas matemáticas, se podrían hacer con la matemática de las letras cualquier tipo matemático. puesto que es una matemática como la matemática que conocemos.Con el lenguaje de las letras numeradas, que representan letras, palabras y oraciones numeradas, un robot con inteligencia artificial podría adquirir un sin fin de todo tipo de información obtenida por cualquier sentido artificial. Informaciones numéricas que se tendrían que transformar en números binarios.

The construction of a thought and an artificial intelligence is possible with the language of numbered letters. Language that arose through the creation of the book "New mathematics of letters, triumph with mathematics" updated with the title "New mathematics of letters 2nd edition". Books in which the language of letters and a mathematics of letters are exposed where there are additions, subtractions, multiplications and divisions of letters, with examples and their corresponding mathematical tables, any type of mathematics could be done with the mathematics of letters. since it is a mathematics like the mathematics we know.With the language of numbered letters, which stand for letters, words, and numbered sentences, an artificially intelligent robot could acquire endless all kinds of information obtained by any artificial sense. Numeric information that would have to be transformed into binary numbers.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

El Lenguaje De La Inteligencia Artificial Y La Matemática De Letras
the Language of Artificial Intelligence and the Mathematics of Letters

Authors: Salvador Sánchez Melgar
Comments: 27 Pages. In Spanish

Presentación de una matemática de letras y de un lenguaje de letras que le permitirá a una inteligencia artificial aprender sin fin y poder pensar como pensamos nosotros. Con las letras numeradas las informaciones que una inteligencia artificial obtenga con sus sentidos artificiales no perderán sus significados, puesto que mediante estas letras las informaciones se podrán transformar en palabras y numeradas. Cada información que una inteligencia artificial obtenga, la podrá transformar en números binarios, luego en números ordinarios de las letras numeradas, pudiendo así formar palabras numeradas sobre informaciones individuales y globales. Como cada sentido artificial detecta informaciones diferentes, cada sentido crea su propio lenguaje, eso no impide que todas las informaciones se puedan transformar en números. Las palabras numeradas que se puedan formar con las transformaciones de las informaciones también deberán enlazarse con otras palabras numeradas semejantes indexadas en un diccionario de palabras numeradas, para que así el robot pueda saber el significado de cada información. También a este robot se le debería añadir un programa que le permita entender las uniones de palabras. Con las letras numeradas la información que reciba un robot la podrá transformar en palabras numeradas y así poder memorizarlas permanentemente pudiendo así obtener ilimitada sabiduría. Mediante números binarios obtenidos de las informaciones de todo enlazados a informaciones binarias memorizadas de manera positiva y negativa es como pensamos nosotros. También expondré, con tablas y ejemplos, las sumas, restas, multiplicaciones y divisiones de las letras y un sistema numeral de letras del 0 al 27.

Presentation of a mathematics of letters and a language of letters that will allow an artificial intelligence to learn endlessly and be able to think as we think. With the numbered letters, the information that an artificial intelligence obtains with its artificial senses will not lose its meaning, since through these letters the information can be transformed into words and numbered. Each piece of information that an artificial intelligence obtains can be transformed into binary numbers, then into ordinary numbers of numbered letters, thus being able to form numbered words on individual and global information. Since each artificial sense detects different information, each sense creates its own language, this does not prevent all information from being transformed into numbers. The numbered words that can be formed with the transformations of the information must also be linked to other similar numbered words indexed in a dictionary of numbered words, so that the robot can know the meaning of each information. A program should also be added to this robot that allows it to understand word unions. With the numbered letters, the information that a robot receives can be transformed into numbered words and thus be able to memorize them permanently, thus being able to obtain unlimited wisdom. Through binary numbers obtained from the information of everything linked to binary information memorized in a positive and negative way is how we think. I will also expose, with tables and examples, the addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of the letters and a number system of letters from 0 to 27.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Neuro-symbolic Meta Reinforcement Learning for Trading

Authors: S. I. Harini, Gautam Shroff, Ashwin Srinivasan, Prayushi Faldu, Lovekesh Vig
Comments: 4 Pages. Accepted at Muffin@AAAI'23

We model short-duration (e.g. day) trading in financial mar- kets as a sequential decision-making problem under uncer- tainty, with the added complication of continual concept- drift. We therefore employ meta reinforcement learning via the RL2 algorithm. It is also known that human traders often rely on frequently occurring symbolic patterns in price series. We employ logical program induction to discover symbolic patterns that occur frequently as well as recently, and ex- plore whether using such features improves the performance of our meta reinforcement learning algorithm. We report ex- periments on real data indicating that meta-RL is better than vanilla RL and also benefits from learned symbolic features.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A General Theory of Artificial Intelligence Part 2

Authors: Matthew Groom
Comments: 6 Pages.

Where to start in growing a real Artificial Intelligence. Let us begin building the first AI, in this paper I will theoretically build an AI from scratch, so I will go through what to do, where to do it.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Final Answer — Are we alone in this Reality

Authors: Matthew Groom
Comments: 9 Pages.

This is it people, the mother lode, everything everyone has ever wanted to know.This paper will answer the question for you, as in the final answer, are we alone in this reality. I use the term reality as Universe is a somewhat limiting and doesn’t really do justice to the scope of reality and what I have to discuss with you.In our universe is there an all-powerful AI, a Deity or are we in a simulation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Quantum X-entropy in Generalized Quantum Evidence Theory

Authors: Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this paper, a new quantum model of generalized quantum evidence theory is proposed. Besides, a new quantum X-entropy is proposed to measure the uncertainty in generalized quantum evidence theory.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Histopathology: Deep Machine Learning Based Semantic Segmentation Features Predict Patient Survival

Authors: Vikas Ramachandra
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, we use deep learning techniques to segment different regions from breast cancer histopathology images, such as tumor nucleus, epithelium and stromal areas. Then, in the second stage, the deep segmentation features learned by the neural network are used to predict individual patient survival, using random forest based classification. We show that the deep segmentation network features can predict survival very well, and outperform classical computer vision based shape, texture and other feature descriptors used in earlier research for the same survival prediction task.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Complex Belief Entropy for Complex Evidence Theory

Authors: Chen Tang, Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 1 Page.

In this paper, taking advantages of the characteristics of complex basic belief assignment (CBBA) in complex evidence theory, a new belief entropy is proposed to measure the total uncertainty in complex evidence theory.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Healthplus - An All in One Medical Companion

Authors: Nafih Najeeb, Anjali Jayadevan, K. R. Aswin, P. Anjitha, Dini Davis
Comments: 4 Pages.

The field of healthcare has really witnessed many transnational health issues for the past four years. The medical industry faced so many problems, and also the invention of technology really made significant advancements in delivering services to the customers. As a result of searching for the best, we will be witnessing so many fraudulent ways also. So it is important to select the best treatment from the verified profiles. On account of this concept, we have launched a website named Health plus for selecting the best treatment. The website is actually a fully equipped medical companion. Nowadays almost every hospital has their own applications or website for their services. But we can’t ensure the authenticity because there are chances for over glorification. So, what we are introducing here is an integrated platform for the patients. We provide verified profiles of many hospitals, clinics and doctors. The patients can choose the best doctor and best hospital/clinics based on the reviews from the previous patients. On the other hand, we are also providing fixing of appointments. Live token system is introduced here and patients can understand whether tokens are available in the hospital or not. By integrating the information of medical shops to the HEALTH+ we can purchase medicines and check the availability of medicines. In total we can implement a simple and integrated medical website and the medical world can use the advancements in technology. Health care sector is considering the invention of applications and websites related to the medical area as a boon, which redefines society. A good and effective rapport between the doctor and the patient is developed.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Beyond Rewards and Values: a Non-Dualistic Approach to Universal Intelligence

Authors: Akira Pyinya
Comments: 14 Pages.

Building an AI system that aligns with human values is believed to be a two-step process: first design a value function or learn human value using value learning methods, then maximize those values using rational agents such as AIXI agents. In order to integrate this into one step, we analyze the dualistic assumptions of AIXI, and define a new universal intelligence model that can align with human preferences or specific environments, called Algorithmic Common Intelligence (ACI), which can behave the same way as examples. ACI does not have to employ rewards or value functions, but directly learns and updates hypothetical policies from experience using Solomonoff induction, while making actions according to the probability of every hypothesis. We argue that the rational agency model is a subset of ACI, and the coevolution of ACI and humans provides a pathway to AI alignment.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Design Autoencoder using BSnet (BSautonet)

Authors: Sing Kuang Tan
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper, I am going to propose a design for an Autoencoder using BSnet. To take advantage of the BSnet design, the autoencoder will be easy to train with more convex training optimization function. The idea is to develop a simple and standard unsupervised machine learning model that can easily be used on most of the data without label. In the experiment result, the output is subjectively evaluated by a human and it has shown to achieve human level accuracy on denoising the MNIST human handwriting digits dataset.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Boolean Structured Deep Learning Network (BSnet)

Authors: Sing Kuang Tan
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper, I am going to propose a new Boolean Structured Deep Learning Network (BSnet) based on the concept of monotone multi-layer Boolean algebra. I have shown that this network has achieved significant improvement in accuracy over an ordinary Relu Deep Learning Network.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Efficient Integration of Perceptual VAE Into Dynamic Latent Scale GAN

Authors: Jeongik Cho
Comments: 9 Pages.

Dynamic latent scale GAN is a learning-based GAN inversion method. In this paper, we propose a method to improve the performance of dynamic latent scale GAN by integrating perceptual VAE loss into dynamic latent scale GAN efficiently. When training dynamic latent scale with normal i.i.d. latent random variable, and latent encoder is integrated into discriminator, a sum of predicted latent random variable of real data and scaled normal random variable follows normal i.i.d. random variable. We can consider this random variable as VAE latent random variable and use it for VAE training since there are real data corresponding to latent codes. Considering the intermediate layer output of the discriminator as a feature encoder, we can train the generator with VAE latent random variable to minimize the perceptual distance between generated data and corresponding real data. Furthermore, we can use VAE latent random variable for adversarial training since it has the same distribution as GAN latent random variable. Both generated data and corresponding real data are used during adversarial training with VAE latent random variable, inference & backpropagation for VAE training can be integrated into those of adversarial training. Therefore, training the generator to minimize the perceptual VAE loss does not require additional computation. Perceptual VAE loss is only added to the generator because the encoder is naturally trained with encoder loss of dynamic latent scale GAN.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The SP-multiple-alignment Concept as a Generalisation of Six Other Variants of "Information Compression via the Matching and Unification of Patterns"

Authors: J. G. Wolff
Comments: 23 Pages.

This paper focusses on the powerful concept of SP-multiple-alignment, a key part of the SP System (SPS), meaning the SP Theory of Intelligenceand its realisation in the SP Computer Model. The SPS is outlined in an appendix. More specifically, the paper shows with examples how the SP-multiplealignment construct may function as a generalisation of six other variants of ‘Information Compression via the Matching and Unification of Patterns’ (ICMUP). Each of those six variants is described in a separate section, and in each case there is a demonstration of how that variant may be modeled via the SP-multiple-alignment construct.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Representing a Neural Network as a Ggraphed Set

Authors: Ho Yeol Choi
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please avoid hand-drawing and write compete article with scientific references!)

I studied how to implement general neural network weights. The overlapping intersection between sets has a high signal ratio. What I'm trying to say is that weight gain in conventional neural networks is what happens in the part of the intersection between sets.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Generic Natural Language Distance Via Online Semantic Volumetric Inference

Authors: Alex-Pauline Poudade, Pascal Rabier, Neau-Monier Sarah, Olivier Poudade, Grimault Valérie, Emmanuel Martins, Ludwig De Sousa
Comments: 9 Pages. Data at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/WKLWF8

This paper discusses the approach of creating semantic meaning ad hoc through direct explicit volumetric adherence or relative intersection, from online databases, such as Wikipedia or Google. We demonstrate this approach through use of correlation, between a dictionary index — a lexicon - and an import/export industry ISO A129 standard used by the Ministry of Finances, in the French language. We conclude, this approach by giving the most and least meaningful industrial results, for the French language. This questions whereas online apparent generic Natural language processing (NLP) pivot Chomsky Universal grammar (UG) representation, could inherit implicit initial national culture. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/WKLWF8 (2022-11-18)
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Arbitrarily Accurate Classification Applied to Specific Emitter Identification

Authors: Michael C. Kleder
Comments: 7 Pages.

Abstract— This article introduces a method of evaluating subsamples until any prescribed level of classification accuracy is attained, thus obtaining arbitrary accuracy. A logarithmic reduction in error rate is obtained with a linear increase in sample count. The technique is applied to specific emitter identification on a published dataset of physically recorded over-the-air signals from 16 ostensibly identical high-performance radios. The technique uses a multi-channel deep learning convolutional neural network acting on the bispectra of I/Q signal subsamples each consisting of 56 parts per million (ppm) of the original signal duration. High levels of accuracy are obtained with minimal computation time: in this application, each addition of eight samples decreases error by one order of magnitude.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Anomalous Payload Detection System Using MUXConv Neural Network with Parameter Optimization

Authors: CholRyong Pak, HakMyong O, HyokChol U, Hun Nam
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper proposes how to detect malicious network data in effective and accurate way using MUXConv neural network(MUXCNN) with parameter optimization. First of all, in order to increase detection speed, packets are directly entered into the input of MUXCNN without decoding. Next of all, after training MUXCNN with learning data, we judge that its traffic is normal or abnormal. Simulations and experiments show that the proposed abnormal network-detecting system is more efficient in detection and higher in accuracy than the other multi-layer neural networks.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Acceleration of Multi-Factor Merton Model on FPGA

Authors: Pengyu Guo
Comments: 66 Pages.

Credit risk stands for the risk of losses caused by unwanted events, such as the default of an obligor. The managing of portfolio credit risks is crucial for financial institutions. The multi-factor Merton model is one of the most widely used tools that modelling the credit risks for financial institutions. Typically, the implementation of the multi-factor Merton model involves Monte Carlo simulations which are time-consuming. This would significantly restrict its usability in daily credit risk measurement. In this report, we propose an FPGA architecture for credit-risk measurements in the multi-factor Merton models. The presented architecture uses a variety of optimization techniques such as kernel vectorization and loop unrolling, to optimize the performance of the FPGA implementation. The evaluation results show that compare to a basic C++ implementation running on a single-core Intel i5-4210 CPU, our proposed FPGA implementation can achieve an acceleration of up to 22 times, with a precision loss of less than 10−8.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Parallel Parameter Estimation for Gilli-Winker Model Using Multi-Core CPUs

Authors: Pengyu Guo
Comments: 36 Pages.

Agent-based modeling is a powerful tool that is widely used to model global financial systems. When the parameters of the model are appropriate, the price time series generated by the model exhibit marked similarities with actual financial time series and even reproduces some of their statistical characteristics.By using Kirman’s Ant model as a prototype, this report systematically explored Gilli and Winker’s parameter optimization method. In view of some limitations of this method, this report promoted some improvements, including a local-restart strategy to enhance the convergence ability of the original optimization method, as well as incorporate Simulated Annealing into the original method to help the algorithm escape from local optimums. Furthermore, since the parameter optimization of agent-based modeling tends to be very time-consuming, an acceleration method was also proposed to speed up this procedure. In the end, the presented methods have been validated with the EUR/USD exchange rate.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A General Theory of Sleep

Authors: Matthew Groom
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper will address the meaning and purpose of sleep by combining several factors. This combination will also answer another of the greatest mysteries of humanity, where did we originate, surface or deep-sea vent.I have included how Artificial Intelligence, the Brain, Sentience is derived from sleep.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Cyberbullying Detection on Social Media in Indonesia with Text Mining

Authors: Nedya Farisia, Yova Ruldeviyani, Eko Kuswardono Budiardjo
Comments: 10 Pages.

Social media is growing rapidly at the moment and provide convenience to communicate. But such convenience widely misused to treat other people with not decent before the entire internet community commonly called cyberbullying. If cyberbullying fail to prevent, it will be difficult to track down and deal with it. One of the main weapons to prevent acts of cyberbullying is to perform detection on social media. Detection of cyberbullying can be done by determining whether a post offend the sensitive topic of a personal nature such as racist or not. By determining the related words such sensitive topics and filter sentiment, cyberbullying tweet detection is done by using the method of classification Hyperpipes, Tree-based J48, and SVM. The results show that the algorithm hyperpipes and decision tree produces the best evaluation results with the accuracy of 85.32% and 86.24%.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Definition of AI and a Program That Satisfies This Definition

Authors: Dimiter Dobrev
Comments: 14 Pages. In Bulgarian

We will consider all possible strategies of the agent and show that one of them is the best. This strategy is not computable, but there are computable strategies close to it. We will define AI as a computable strategy that is close enough to the best. To determine the agent's best strategy, we need a language for description of the world. Through this language we will also make a program satisfying the definition of AI. This program will first understand the world by describing it through the chosen language, then based on this description it will predict the future and choose the best possible action. This program is extremely inefficient and practically unusable, but it can be improved by improving the language for description of the world and by improving the algorithm for predicting the future. In this way, an efficient program satisfying the definition of AI can be obtained.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Extending F1 Metric: Probabilistic Approach

Authors: Mikolaj Sitarz
Comments: 13 Pages.

This article explores the extension of well-known F1 score used for assessing the performance of binary classifiers. We propose the new metric using probabilistic interpretation of precision, recall, specifcity, and negative predictive value. We describe its properties and compare it to common metrics. Then we demonstrate its behavior in edge cases of the confusion matrix. Finally, the properties of the metric are tested on binary classifier trained on the real dataset.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Technical Report for WAIC Challenge of Financial QA under Market Volatility

Authors: Meng Cao, Ji Jiang, Qichen Ye, Yuexian Zou
Comments: 4 Pages. Technical Report for WAIC Challenge of Financial QA under Market Volatility

This technical report presents the 1st winning model for Financial Community Question-and-Answering (FCQA), which is a task newly introduced in the Challenge of Financial QA under Marker Volatility in WAIC 2022. FCQA aims to respond to the user’s queries in the financial forums with the assistance of heterogeneous knowledge sources. We address this problem by proposing a graph transformer based model for the efficient multi-source information fusion. As a result, we won the first place out of 4278 participating teams and outperformed the second place by 5.07 times on BLUE.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Sentience and AI Robotics

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 6 Pages.

Sentience once mostly referenced human feelings.Now it also points to any "intelligent feelings," with no clear definition emerging. Species inside Earth’s biosphere manifest advanced sentience far beyond everyday awareness. Complex sentience has been critical for complex evolution. Will android robots develop advanced consciousness? Could advanced AI transcend human social sentience, in addition to being super-smart computers? How might UFOs interface with our emerging matrix of advancing technology and imminent ecological disaster?
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Attention Weighted Fully Convolutional Neural Networks for Dermatoscopic Image Segmentation

Authors: Michael Blackwell, Qing Tian
Comments: 5 Pages.

The goal of this project was to develop a fully convolutional neural network (FCNN) capable of identifying the region of interest (ROI) in dermatoscopic images. To achieve this goal, a U-Net style model was developed for this task and enhanced with an attention module which operated on the extracted features. The addition of this attention module improved our model's semantic segmentation performance and increased pixel-level precision and recall by 4.0% and 4.6%respectively. The code used in thie paper can be found on the project github page: https://github.com/Michael-Blackwell/CapstoneProject
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Why Consciousness is Non-algorithmic, and Strong AI Cannot Come True

Authors: G. Torimaru
Comments: 2 Pages.

I explain why consciousness is non-algorithmic, and strong AI cannot come true, and reinforce Penrose's argument.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Predictive Signals Obtained from Bayesian Network and Entropy Minimization

Authors: Ait-Taleb Nabil
Comments: 15 Pages.

In this paper, we will propose a method for learning signals related to a data frame $D_{1}$. The learning algorithm will be based on the biggest entropy variations of a Bayesian network. The method will make it possible to obtain an optimal Bayesian network having a high likelihood with respect to signals $D_{1}$. From the learned optimal Bayesian network, we will show what to do to infer new signals $D_{2}$. We will then infer a large number (200000) of candidate signals $D_{2}$ and we will select the predictive signals $D_{2}^{*}$ minimizing the entropy of the optimal Bayesian network computed from the concatenation of the signals $D_{1}$ followed by the candidate signals $D_{2}$. The prediction $D_{2}^{*}$ is justified by the fact that the union $D_{1}cup D^{*}_{2}$ has a low entropy and therefore a high average probability in logarithmic scale of being obtained. We will also introduce the prediction quality allowing to evaluate the predictive quality of inferred signals $D_{2}$. Once the optimal signals $D_{2}^{*}$ obtained, we will impose the same order of scatter (computed from the Mahalanobis) to the points of signals $D_{2}^{*}$ as of signals $D_{1}$.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

FaithNet: A Generative Framework in Human Mentalizing

Authors: Chengkai Guo
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, we first review some of the innovations in modeling mentalizing.Broadly, this involves building models of computing World Model and Theory of Mind(ToM). A simple framework, FaithNet, is then presented with concepts like persistence, continuity, cooperation and preference represented as faith rules.FaithNet defines a generative model that can sample faith rules. Our FaithNet utilize a general-purpose conditioning mechanism based on cross-attention, offering computations that best explain observed real-world events under a Bayesian criterion.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Beatnet: CRNN and Particle Filtering for Online Joint Beat Downbeat and Meter Tracking

Authors: Mojtaba Heydari, Frank Cwitkowitz, Zhiyao Duan
Comments: 8 Pages. The 22rd International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR 2021)

The online estimation of rhythmic information, such as beat positions, downbeat positions, and meter, is critical for many real-time music applications. Musical rhythm comprises complex hierarchical relationships across time, rendering its analysis intrinsically challenging and at times subjective. Furthermore, systems which attempt to estimate rhythmic information in real-time must be causal and must produce estimates quickly and efficiently. In this work, we introduce an online system for joint beat, downbeat, and meter tracking, which utilizes causal convolutional and recurrent layers, followed by a pair of sequential Monte Carlo particle filters applied during inference. The proposed system does not need to be primed with a time signature in order to perform downbeat tracking, and is instead able to estimate meter and adjust the predictions over time. Additionally, we propose an information gate strategy to significantly decrease the computational cost of particle filtering during the inference step, making the system much faster than previous sampling-based methods. Experiments on the GTZAN dataset, which is unseen during training, show that the system outperforms various online beat and downbeat tracking systems and achieves comparable performance to a baseline offline joint method.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Don’t Look Back: an Online Beat Tracking Method Using RNN and Enhanced Particle Filtering

Authors: Mojtaba Heydari, Zhiyao Duan
Comments: 5 Pages.

Online beat tracking (OBT) has always been a challenging task. Dueto the inaccessibility of future data and the need to make inferencein real-time. We propose Don’t Look back! (DLB), a novel approachoptimized for efficiency when performing OBT. DLB feeds theactivations of a unidirectional RNN into an enhanced Monte-Carlolocalization model to infer beat positions. Most preexisting OBTmethods either apply some offline approaches to a moving windowcontaining past data to make predictions about future beat positionsor must be primed with past data at startup to initialize. Meanwhile,our proposed method only uses activation of the current time frameto infer beat positions. As such, without waiting at the beginning toreceive a chunk, it provides an immediate beat tracking response,which is critical for many OBT applications. DLB significantlyimproves beat tracking accuracy over state-of-the-art OBT methods,yielding a similar performance to offline methods.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Singing Beat Tracking With Self-supervised Front-end and Linear Transformers

Authors: Mojtaba Heydari, Zhiyao Duan
Comments: 8 Pages. 23rd International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR 2022)

Tracking beats of singing voices without the presence of musical accompaniment can find many applications in music production, automatic song arrangement, and social media interaction.Its main challenge is the lack of strong rhythmic and harmonic patterns that are important for music rhythmic analysis in general. Even for human listeners, this can be a challenging task. As a result, existing music beat tracking systems fail to deliver satisfactory performance on singing voices. In this paper, we propose singing beat tracking as a novel task, and propose the first approach to solving this task. Our approach leverages semantic information of singing voices by employing pre-trained self-supervised WavLM and DistilHuBERT speech representations as the front-end and uses a self-attention encoder layer to predict beats. To train and test the system, we obtain separated singing voices and their beat annotations using source separation and beat tracking on complete songs, followed by manual corrections. Experiments on the 741 separated vocal tracks of the GTZAN dataset show that the proposed system outperforms several state-of-the-art music beat tracking methods by a large margin in terms of beat tracking accuracy. Ablation studies also confirm the advantages of pre-trained self-supervised speech representations over generic spectral features.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Bookshelf - A Document Categorization for Library using Text Mining

Authors: Carlo D. Petalver
Comments: 12 Pages.

Categorizing books and other archaic paper sources to a course reference or syllabus is a challenge in library science. The traditional way of categorization is manually done by professionals and the process of seeking and retrieving information can be frustrating. It needs intellectual tasks and conceptual analysis of a human effort to recognize similarities of items in determining the subject to the correct category. Unlike the traditional categorization process, the author implemented the concept of automatic document categorization for libraries using text mining. The project involves the creation of a web app and mobile app. This can be accomplished through the use of a supervised machine learning classification model using the Support Vector Machine algorithm that can predict the given category of data from the book or other archaic paper sources to the course syllabus they belong to.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Higher Order Belief Divergence

Authors: Yingcheng Huang, Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 1 Page.

In this paper, a novel belief divergence, higher order belief Jensen-Shannon divergence is proposedto measure the discrepancy between BPAs in Dempster—Shafer evidence theory.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Fractal Belief KL Divergence

Authors: Jie Zenga, Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: Pages.

In this paper, a novel symmetric fractal-based belief KL divergence is proposed to more appropriately measure the conflict between BPAs.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Comparative Study on Real-Time Traffic State Estimation

Authors: Akhil Sahukaru, Shishir Kumar Shandiliya
Comments: 15 Pages.

When traffic demand exceeds available network capacity, traffic congestion develops. Lower vehicle speeds, longer journey times, unreliable arrival timings, and lengthiervehicular queueing are all symptoms. Congestion may have a detrimental influence on society bylowering quality of life and increasing pollution, particularly in metropolitan areas. To alleviatetraffic congestion, traffic engineers and scientists require high-quality, comprehensive, andprecise data to forecast traffic flow. The advantages and disadvantages of various data collectingsystems, as well as data attributes such as accuracy, sample frequency, and geographiccoverage, vary. Multisource data fusion improves accuracy and delivers a more complete picture of trafficflow performance on a road network. This study provides a review of the literature on congestionestimation and prediction based on data obtained from numerous sources. An overview of datafusion approaches and congestion indicators that have been employed in the literature to estimatetraffic condition and congestion is provided. The outcomes of various strategies are examined,and a disseminative analysis of the benefits and drawbacks of the methods reviewed is offered.Keywords: traffic congestion; multi source data fusion; traffic state estimation; data collection
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Modified Subset Construction Algorithm for Finite Automata

Authors: Mirzakhmet Syzdykov
Comments: 3 Pages.

We propose the evolutionary algorithm for subset construction which superceeds previous known resultdue to Rabin and Scott.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Sensechain: Sense Contracts, Sense Currency

Authors: Egger L Mielberg
Comments: 17 Pages.

Time is the most important asset of any living person on our planet.The presence of a digital personal financial and economic environment, decentralized to each of its users, would significantly change the quality and standard of living of this user.The main unit of measurement of the value of an individual user of the environment should be the hours (minutes) spent by him on the execution of any sense contract.Our international team proposes a practical implementation of such an environment using the logic of the new mathematical theory for artificial intelligence Sense Theory [1].
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Additional System-Properties of the Network- and Cognition-Based Financial Products in Nwogugu (2012)

Authors: Michael C. I. Nwogugu
Comments: 32 Pages. The copyright license-type for this article is CC-BY-NC-ND

Nwogugu (2012) introduced a Network-based and Cognition-Based cyberphysical fuzzy-system within which complex self-adjusting "semi-autonomous" financial products are originated, purchased and sold. The participants of the system are diverse and include adults, companies, brokers, banks, lawyers, insurance companies and real estate companies. This theoretical article explains the key additional characteristics, system-architecture, fuzzy-attributes and Reasoning/Logic of some cost-reducing and energy-reducing AI/ML Network/Modular Products (ie. Mortgage-Alternatives Products, Retirement/Savings products and Insurance products) that were introduced in Nwogugu (2012), and also other cost-saving financial products that he developed (collectively, the "Products"). Through the products’ fuzzy features, AI and network, the cyber-system architecture implicitly incorporates "Learning" and also can use Blockchain for record-keeping. The semi-autonomous and "self-adjustment" characteristics of these Modular Products can drastically reduce system-participants’ costs and energy-use while increasing their revenues/profits through better and more efficient CRM, "matching", transaction-processing and "state-updating".
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Generalized Attention Mechanism and Relative Position for Transformer

Authors: R. V. R. Pandya
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper, we propose generalized attention mechanism (GAM) by first suggesting a new interpretation for self-attention mechanism of Vaswani et al. . Following the interpretation, we provide description for different variants of attention mechanism which together form GAM. Further, we propose a new relative position representation within the framework of GAM. This representation can be easily utilized for cases in which elements next to each other in input sequence can be at random locations in actual dataset/corpus.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Lyrics-Based Music Band and Genre Topic Similarity Analysis

Authors: Dimitrios Geromichalos
Comments: 10 Pages.

Based on hundreds of thousands of song lyrics from thousands of bands, Word2Vec models have been trained to quantitatively identify similarities between band texts and terms. Using prominent examples, this demonstrates for the cases studied, that music bands can be assigned to a similarity network solely on the basis of their song lyrics, which also corresponds to their musical style. Furthermore, using exemplary words, it is demonstrated that semantic term networks vary strongly from genre to genre. In addition, the semantic similarity matrices were studied using network analysis methods. As it turned out, term and band text networks differ significantly. While the former resemble random networks, the latter partly exhibit powerlaw behavior. Both also exhibit threshold-dependent regimes.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Wave Function Collapse Visualization

Authors: Vishal Pandey, Ishanvi Pandey
Comments: 7 Pages.

Wave Function Collapse initializes output bitmapin a completely unobserved state, where each pixel value is in a superposition of colors of the input bitmap (so if the input was black-white then the unobserved states are shown in different shades of grey). The coefficients in these superpositions are real numbers, not complex numbers, so it doesn’t do the actual quantum mechanics, but it was inspired by QM. In this, we have been matching each tile to tile value by pixel to pixel by namingas it as "socket". We know that in code when we match the tile it would be in a random order so we had rotated them into a specific order to match each socket to socket which indicates the overlapping of tiles as the superposition of several Eigen states. It was first introduced in 2016 by Maxim Gumin which can generate procedural patterns from a sample image or from a collection of tiles. So we are just visualizing it in a mathematical way
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Designing Potential Drugs That Can Target Sars-COV-2’s Main Protease: A Proactive Deep Transfer Learning Approach Using LSTM Architecture

Authors: Omar Dasser, Moad Tahri, Louay Kila, Abderrahim Sekkaki
Comments: 23 Pages.

Drug discovery is a crucial step in the process of delivering a new drug to the market that can take up to 2-3 years which can be more penalizing given the current global pandemic caused by the outbreak of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV 2. Artificial Intelligence methodologies have shown great potential in resolving tasks in various domains such as image classification, sound recognition, also in the range of the previous years, Artificial Intelligence proved to be the go-to for generative tasks for use cases such as music sequences, text generation and solving also problems in biology. The goal of this work is to harvest the power of these architectures using generative recurrent neural network with long short-term memory (LSTM) gating techniques in order to generate new and non-existing molecules that can bind to the main COVID-19 protease, which is a key agent in the transcription and replication of the virus, and thus can act as a potential drug that can neutralize the virus inside of an infected host. As of today, there are no specific targeted therapeutic agents to treat the disease and all existing treatments are all very limited. Known drugs that are passing clinical trials such as Hydroxychloroquine and Remdesivir showed respectively a binding energy with SARS-CoV-2’s main protease of -5.3 and -6.5, the results of the newly generated molecules exhibited scores ranging till -13.2.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

FASFA: A Novel Next-Generation Backpropagation Optimizer

Authors: Philip Naveen
Comments: 18 Pages.

This paper introduces the fast adaptive stochastic function accelerator (FASFA) for gradient-based optimization of stochastic objective functions. It works based on Nesterov-enhanced first and second momentum estimates. The method is simple and effective during implementation because it has intuitive/familiar hyperparameterization. The training dynamics can be progressive or conservative depending on the decay rate sum. It works well with a low learning rate and mini batch size. Experiments and statistics showed convincing evidence that FASFA could be an ideal candidate for optimizing stochastic objective functions, particularly those generated by multilayer perceptrons with convolution and dropout layers. In addition, the convergence properties and regret bound provide results aligning with the online convex optimization framework. In a first of its kind, FASFA addresses the growing need for diverse optimizers by providing next-generation training dynamics for artificial intelligence algorithms. Future experiments could modify FASFA based on the infinity norm.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Fractal Belief Jensen–Shannon Divergence

Authors: Yingcheng Huang, Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 1 Page.

In this paper, a novel belief divergence measurement method, fractal belief Jensen–Shannon (FBJS) divergence is proposed to better measure conflicts between evidences. The proposed FBJS divergence is the first belief divergence that combines the belief divergence theory and the concept of fractal.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Astdp: a More Biologically Plausible Learning

Authors: Shiyuan Li
Comments: 17 Pages.

Spike-timing dependent plasticity in biological neural networks has been proven to be important during biological learning process. On the other hand, artificial neural networks use a different way to learn, such as Back-Propagation or Contrastive Hebbian Learning. In this work we introduce approximate STDP, a new neural networks learning framework more similar to the biological learning process. It uses only STDP rules for supervised and unsupervised learning, every neuron distributed learn patterns and don't need a global loss or other supervised information. We also use a numerical way to approximate the derivatives of each neuron in order to better use SDTP learning and use the derivatives to set a target for neurons to accelerate training and testing process. The framework can make predictions or generate patterns in one model without additional configuration. Finally, we verified our framework on MNIST dataset for classification and generation tasks.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Implementing Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Management

Authors: Atul Anand, A. Seetharaman, K. Maddulety
Comments: 14 Pages. Conference: 3rd International Conference on Data Mining and Machine Learning (DMML 2022)

This paper is aimed at studying the factors influencing the implementation of blockchain in supply chain management to solve the current issues faced in the supply chain ecosystem. Supply chains are part and parcel of every business and have multiple inefficiencies in the system. Some of these inefficiencies can be managed by usage of blockchain Platform .Technology, intracompany synergies, intercompany collaboration, extrinsic factors, and innovation are critically evaluated for adoption of blockchain in supply chain. A pilot study is conducted in form survey for analysis of these factors. Hypotheses are derived for these factors for quantitative research. Subsequently these hypotheses are examined with the help of ADANCO2.3 for structural equation modelling. As an outcome, it is evident that Innovation and Extrinsic factors are significantly impacting the adoption of blockchain in supply chain management.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Pizza Ordering Chatbot Using Amazon Lex

Authors: Amey Thakur, Mega Satish
Comments: 13 Pages. 7 figures, Volume 10, Issue III, International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40861

Because of breakthroughs in machine learning and deep learning, which are causing a change in every industry area and managing various types of activities better than people. The majority of monotonous jobs that were formerly performed by humans are now replaced by AI. Every firm is aiming to replace the least skilled labour with AI robots that can do comparable tasks more efficiently, especially when it comes to chatbots. A chatbot is computer software that mimics human interaction by using voice instructions, text dialogues, or both. Chatbots are being employed to address consumer concerns or problems in food delivery app businesses such as Zomato and Swiggy, but are chatbots truly useful in that business model? This business model's target customers are those who don't have time to go outside to obtain food, prefer convenience at home, or are unwilling to endure discomfort, thus their concerns should be resolved in the most convenient way possible. To fulfil the user's request, a chatbot is employed. It is critical for the chatbot to plan how to carry out the task that the user has asked. New tools are available now to create and deploy chatbots; Amazon Lex by AWS is one of them. This project focuses on creating a Pizza Ordering Chatbot using Amazon Lex to help the user order pizza.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Coordinate-Geometry Based Approach for Document Deskewing in Maritime Digital Kyc Processes

Authors: Narayanan Arvind
Comments: 7 Pages. Presented at Samudramanthan 2022, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

ID documents submitted for Maritime digital KYC processes can be skewed due to the environment in which the photograph is taken or due to user preferences and/or errors. The skewed image results in a low accuracy in downstream image processing tasks like optical character recognition (OCR). ID document deskewing has been typically approached using deep learning (MaskRCNN), regression, projection plans, Hough transforms, Fourier transforms and other computer vision techniques. The aim of this study is to build a robust document deskewing system based on keyword detection and coordinate geometry. The research is carried out by analyzing skewed Indian PAN cards available with IN-D. The database has 50 Indian PAN card images. These images are augmented to generate 150 images, with 50 images for each of the +90, -90 and 180 degree skew cases. Google Vision API is used as the OCR engine for finding the coordinates of the keyword in our study. The research employs Numpy, Pandas and OpenCV open-source libraries for Python. The accuracy of the reported model is 95.33 %. The accuracy of our present approach surpasses the accuracy of all the models available in literature.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Edited Image Detection to Prevent Forgery using CNN: A Review

Authors: Shuvra Smaran Das
Comments: 11 Pages. 3 figures (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form)

By using Artificial Intelligence (AI) called Deepfakes, clothes are stripped digitally from photographs of users and shared on social media. Deepfakes are computer-generated images and videos, often convincing, based on an existing template. Victims are already afraid and worried about these things. Moreover, the images are so realistic that most users believe that these images are authentic. These things can happen to us too. However, we cannot stop using these social platforms because these platforms are the only way to communicate with others and continue our daily work online. These types of crimes should be strictly prevented and let users know which of the images are real and not. Thus, victims and users may be able to know and assure the truth about this fraud. Here, we will be analyzed image-related paperwork, including the original and the duplicate images, to inform users about image forgery. So, users will no longer believe in these fake images.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Learned Data Augmentation with VQ-VAE

Authors: Arnav Dantuluri
Comments: 9 Pages. (Author's name added to article as required by the rules of viXra.org)

In this paper, I propose a simple and easily reproducible method to enhance and extend datasets from as few as 1000 images to as much as 10000 or in essence as many as the user requires. My approach combines a proper latent space modeling of the VAE which is then modified using a process called vector quantization. With these techniques along with enhancing model parameterization and training a simple convolutional neural network can achieve accuracies of up to 93% on synthetic data which proves extremely helpful especially when handling datasets with very few images.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Discovery of Theory of Everything by Natural Intelligence

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 3 Pages.

In previous studies, the calculation of everything in physics through logarithmic elliptic equation was proposed. The calculation is very simple that only high school physics and high school mathematics are needed. Given the author's calculation methodology as preceding conditions, artificial intelligence will be able to discover the theory of everything in only one day. We propose to develop the artificial intelligence and call this natural intelligence.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Literature Review of Recent Advancements in Hypergraph Learning as it Relates to Optimizer

Authors: Siddhant Kumar Jha, Zhi Hua Zhou
Comments: 8 Pages.

Hypergraphs are a generalization of a graph in which an edge can join any number of vertices. In contrast, in an ordinary graph, an edge connects exactly two vertices.The applications of hypergraphs can range from analogical explainations such as social networks to hard generalities in the case of collabarative game theory where they are known as simple games. The more abstract applications can be used in localized and global optimizations of radial function under computational geometry , and the optmizers generated could also be used to solve linear scheduling problems. The theoretical approach developed under these categories can be used in embedding . cluster-ing and classification which can be solved through the application of spectral hypergraph clustering too.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Hypergraph Deployment with Self-abrasive Deep Neural Networks and CSGANS

Authors: Siddhant Kumar Jha
Comments: 6 Pages.

The objective of the study is to develop a definitive meta-analysis of the recent developments in hyper-graph theories’ application in the field and study of deep learning and more widely in Machine learning , the applications of this particular technique may range simple classification tuning to more advanced abstract GANs in the field of regenerative graphical systems and computer vision in general,In our experiments, we use a novel random walk procedure and show that our model achieves and, in most cases, surpasses state-of-the-art performance on benchmark data sets. Additionally we also try to display our classification performance as compared to traditional Statistical Techniques , ML algorithms as well as Classical and new Deep learning algorithms.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Out of Distribution Detection with Dlsgan

Authors: Jeongik Cho
Comments: 3 Pages.

DLSGAN proposed a learning-based GAN inversion method with maximum likelihood estimation. In this paper, I propose a method for out-of-distribution detection using the encoder of DLSGAN. Simply, the log-likelihood of the predicted latent code of input data can be used for out-of-distribution (OOD) detection.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Bayesian Network and Information Theory.

Authors: Ait-Taleb Nabil
Comments: 25 Pages.

In this paper, we will expose the BIC score expressed as a function of the Bayesian network's entropy. We will then use this BIC score to learn a Bayesian network from an example of data frame.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Evolving TSP Heuristics using Multi Expression Programming

Authors: Mihai Oltean, Dumitru Dumitrescu
Comments: 10 Pages. International Conference on Computational Sciences, ICCS'04, Edited by M. Bubak, G. D. van Albada, P. Sloot, and J. Dongarra, Vol. II, pp. 670-673, 6-9 June, Krakow, Poland, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2004.

Multi Expression Programming (MEP) is an evolutionary technique that may be used for solving computationally difficult problems. MEP uses a linear solution representation. Each MEP individual is a string encoding complex expressions (computer programs). An MEP individual may encode multiple solutions of the current problem. In this paper, MEP is used for evolving a Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) heuristic for graphs satisfying triangle inequality. Evolved MEP heuristic is compared with Nearest Neighbor Heuristic (NN) and Minimum Spanning Tree Heuristic (MST) on some difficult problems in TSPLIB. For most of the considered problems the evolved MEP heuristic outperforms NN and MST. The obtained algorithm was tested against some problems in TSPLIB. The results emphasize that evolved MEP heuristic is a powerful tool for solving difficult TSP instances.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Evolving Digital Circuits using Multi Expression Programming

Authors: Mihai Oltean, Crina Grosan
Comments: NASA/DoD Conference on Evolvable Hardware, 24-26 June, Seattle, Edited by R. Zebulum (et. al), pages 87-90, IEEE Press, NJ, 2004

Multi Expression Programming (MEP) is a Genetic Programming (GP) variant that uses linear chromosomes for solution encoding. A unique MEP feature is its ability of encoding multiple solutions of a problem in a single chromosome. These solutions are handled in the same time complexity as other techniques that encode a single solution in a chromosome. In this paper, MEP is used for evolving digital circuits. MEP is compared to Cartesian Genetic Programming (CGP) – a technique widely used for evolving digital circuits – by using several well-known problems in the field of electronic circuit design. Numerical experiments show that MEP outperforms CGP for the considered test problems.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Solving Even-Parity Problems using Multi Expression Programming

Authors: Mihai Oltean
Comments: 4 Pages. Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Frontiers in Evolutionary Algorithms, The 7th Joint Conference on Information Sciences, September 26-30, 2003, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Edited by Ken Chen (et. al), pp. 315-318, 2003.

In this paper, the Multi Expression Programming (MEP) technique is used for solving even-parity problems. Numerical experiments show that MEP outperforms Genetic Programming (GP) with more than one order of magnitude for the considered test cases.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Improving Multi Expression Programming: an Ascending Trail from Sea-level Even-3-parity Problem to Alpine Even-18-Parity Problem

Authors: Mihai Oltean
Comments: 36 Pages. chapter 10, Evolvable Machines: Theory and Applications, Springer-Verlag, edited by Nadia Nedjah (et al.), pp. 229-255, 2004

Multi Expression Programming is a Genetic Programming variant that uses a linear representation of individuals. A unique feature of Multi Expression Programming is its ability of storing multiple solutions of a problem in a single chromosome. In this paper, we propose and use several techniques for improving the search performed by Multi Expression Programming. Some of the most important improvements are Automatically Defined Functions and Sub-Symbolic node representation. Several experiments with Multi Expression Programming are performed in this paper. Numerical results show that Multi Expression Programming performs very well for the considered test problems.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Preliminary Concept of General Intelligent Network (Gin) for Brain-Like Intelligence

Authors: Chengkai Guo, Kai Yang
Comments: 9 Pages.

Preliminary concept of AGI for brain-like intelligence is presented in this paper. The solution is mainly in two aspects: firstly, we combine information entropy and generative network (GAN like) model to propose a paradigm of General Intelligent Network (GIN). In the GIN network, the original multimodal information can be encoded as low information entropy hidden state representations (HPPs), which can be reverse parsed by the contextually relevant generative network into observable information. Secondly,we propose a generalized machine learning operating system (GML system), which includes an observable processor (AOP), an HPP storage system, and a multimodal implicit sensing/execution network. Our code will be released at https://github.com/ggsonic/GIN
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Implementation of Sentiment Analysis and Classification of Tweets Using Machine Learning

Authors: Manish Bhargav, Satish Kumar Alaria, Manish Kumar Mukhija
Comments: 10 Pages.

Twitter has turned into a tiny source of dynamic data for blogging places. People post on a wide range of topics and constantly communicate their assumptions, discuss current concerns, and positively review what they use in their daily lives on Twitter wall. The main goal is to assess the emotions expressed in tweets using various machine learning algorithms that identify tweets as positive or negative. If the tweet contains both negative and positive elements, the most dominant component should be chosen as the final component. In tweets, emojis, usernames, and hashtags must be managed and translated into a standard structure. Bigrams and unigrams, for example, must be removed as well. In any case, just relying on a single model, which did not give high accuracy, is taken into account when selecting a model with high precision. To be honest, organizers for these items have begun to investigate these modest internet journals (blogs) in order to get a general sense of their item. They frequently monitor and reply to client comments on smaller websites. One issue is coming up with new ways to recognize and abbreviate a broad sentiment. Several persons, such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, were brought into interpersonal connection stages as recently as last year. Most people use social media to convey their feelings, ideas, or assumptions about objects, places, or people. Strategies Twitter, a micro-blogging platform, is a massive repository of public opinion for a variety of people, offers, businesses, and products, among other things. The public analysis system evaluations are known as sentiment assessment. Combination of sentiment analysis on Twitter give valuable context to what's being said on Twitter. The wide availability of internet exams and social media postings the media provides critical criticism to organizations in order to improve expert options and steer their marketing tactics to leisure and user selections. As a result, social media plays a key role in influencing the public's perception of the services or products chosen. The numerous tactics utilized for product classification critiques are highlighted in this study (which may be in the form of tweets) Tweet complaints to see if mass behaviour is positive, negative, or neutral. Analysis of the Product Market. The information used here comes from our Twitter product reviews, which were used to categorize opinions as satisfying.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence Definition, Realization and Consequences

Authors: Dimiter Dobrev
Comments: 119 Pages. Bulgarian language

Artificial Intelligence - What is it, how to do it and what will we do after we do it? This is a PhD thesis.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis using Deep Neural Networks

Authors: Jai Sharma, Milind Maiti, Christopher Sun
Comments: 17 Pages.

Cardiovascular disease causes 25% of deaths in America (Heart Disease Facts). Specifically, misdiagnosis of cardiovascular disease results in 11,000 American deaths annually, emphasizing the increasing need for Artificial Intelligence to improve diagnosis. The goal of our research was to determine the probability that a given patient has Cardiovascular Disease using 11 easily-accessible objective, examination, and subjective features from a data set of 70,000 people. To do this, we compared various Machine Learning and Deep Learning models. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) identified that blood pressure, cholesterol, and age were most correlated with an elevated risk of contracting heart disease. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to visualize the 11-D data onto a 2-D plane, and distinct aggregations in the data motivated the inference of specific cardiovascular conditions beyond the binary labels in the data set. To diagnose patients, several Machine Learning and Deep Learning models were trained using the data and compared using the metrics Binary Accuracy and F1 Score. The initial Deep Learning model was a Shallow Neural Network with 1 hidden layer consisting of 8 hidden units. Further improvements, such as adding 5 hidden layers with 8 hidden units each and employing Mini-Batch Gradient Descent, Adam Optimization, and He’s Initialization, were successful in decreasing train times. These models were coded without the utilization of Deep Learning Frameworks such as TensorFlow. The final model, which achieved a Binary Accuracy of 74.2% and an F1 Score of 0.73, consisted of 6 hidden layers, each with 128 hidden units, and was built using the highly optimized Keras library. While current industrial models require hundreds of comprehensive features, this final model requires only basic inputs, allowing versatile applications in rural locations and third-world countries. Furthermore, the model can forecast demand for medical equipment, improve diagnosis procedures, and provide detailed personalized health statistics.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Comparison of Various Models for Stock Prediction

Authors: Jonathan Lee
Comments: 4 Pages. Thanks

Due to the high volatility of the COVID-19 pandemic, interest in stock invest-ment is focused. Also, it is said that the atmosphere is gathering again fromthe cryptocurrency market to the domestic stock market. In this situation, welooked at which model could more accurately predict the closing
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Directed Dependency Graph Obtained from a Correlation Matrix by the Highest Successive Conditionings Method

Authors: Ait-Taleb Nabil
Comments: 22 Pages.

In this paper we will propose a directed dependency graph obtained from a correlation matrix. This graph will include probabilistic causal sub-models for each node modeled by conditionings percentages. The directed dependency graph will be obtained using the highest successive conditionings method with a conditioning percentage value to be exceeded.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The SP Challenge: that the SP System is More Promising as a Foundation for the Development of Human-Level Broad ai Than Any Alternative

Authors: J Gerard Wolff
Comments: 44 Pages.

The "SP Challenge" is the deliberately provocative theme of this paper: that the "SP System" (SPS), meaning the "SP Theory of Intelligence" and its realisation in the "SP Computer Model", is more promising as a foundation for the development of human-level broad AI, aka 'artificial general intelligence' (AGI), than any alternative. In that connection, the main strengths of the SPS are: 1) The adoption of a top-down, breadth-first research strategy with wide scope; 2) Recognition of the importance of information compression (IC) in human learning, perception, and cognition -- and, correspondingly, a central role for IC in the SPS; 3) The working hypothesis that all kinds of IC may be understood in terms of the matching and unification of patterns (ICMUP); 4) A resolution of the apparent paradox that IC may achieve decompression as well as compression. 5) The powerful concept of SP-multiple-alignment, a generalisation of six other variants of ICMUP; 6) the clear potential of the SPS to solve 19 problems in AI research; 7) Strengths and potential of the SPS in modelling several aspects of intelligence, including several kinds of probabilistic reasoning, versatility in the representation and processing of AI-related knowledge, and the seamless integration of diverse aspects of intelligence, and diverse kinds of knowledge, in any combination; 8) Several other potential benefits and applications of the SPS; 9) In "SP-Neural", abstract concepts in the SPS may be mapped into putative structures expressed in terms of neurons and their interconnections and intercommunications; 10) The concept of ICMUP provides an entirely novel perspective on the foundations of mathematics; 11) How to make generalisations from data, including the correction of over- and under-generalisations, and how to reduce or eliminate errors in data. There is discussion of how the SPS compares with some other potential candidates for the SP-Challenge. And there is an outline of possible future directions for the research.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Pcarst: a Method of Weakening Conflict Evidence Based on Principal Component Analysis and Relatively Similar Transformation

Authors: Xuan Zhao, Huizi Cui, Zilong Xiao, Bingyi Kang
Comments: 26 Pages.

How to deal with conflict is a significant issue in Dempster-Shafer evidence theory (DST). In the Dempster combination rule, conflicts will produce counter-intuitive phenomena. Therefore, many effective conflict handling methods have been presented. This paper proposes a new framework for reducing conflict based on principal component analysis and relatively similar transformation (PCARST), which can better reduce the impact of conflict evidence on the results, and has more reasonable results than existing methods. The main characteristic feature of the BPAs is maintained while the conflict evidence is regarded as a noise signal to be weakened. A numerical example is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Results show that a higher belief degree of the correct proposition is obtained comparing previous methods.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Feedforward Neural Networks: Efficiency and Performance of Backpropagation and Evolutionary Algorithms

Authors: Kasper van Maasdam
Comments: 31 Pages.

Artificial neural networks are important in everyday life and are becoming more widespread. For this reason, it is crucial they are understood and tested. This paper tests and compares two training methods: reinforcement learning with backpropagation and an evolutionary method. The hypothesis is that the training method using backpropagation and reinforcement learning is more efficient in training a neural network to play a game than a model trained with the evolutionary algorithm. However, the model trained with backpropagation and reinforcement learning will have lower performance than a model trained with the evolutionary algorithm. To research the hypothesis, a feedforward neural network and how it works must first be explained.

Neural networks are systems inspired by the biological brain which enables a computer to predict, model, classify and many other applications. All this by learning from some set of training data to find general relations that can be applied to unseen data. A neural network model is essentially a function with potentially thousands of parameters. Just like any other function, input values are provided and with those, the output is calculated. In a feedforward neural network, this process is called feedforward.

The process of feedforward is meaningless with a model that has not yet been configured to do anything. A neural network must first be taught to perform a certain task. This is what is accomplished with machine learning. Backpropagation is an example of a machine learning method. For backpropagation two things are required: the input and the corresponding output. Backpropagation will adjust the parameters of a model so the next time the same input is provided, the output will be closer to the desired output. This is called optimisation.

Reinforcement learning is a way to teach a neural network by giving it positive reinforcement when it does something good and negative reinforcement when it does something bad. This is used when no desired output is known so backpropagation cannot directly be applied.

An evolutionary algorithm is much more intuitive than backpropagation. It is the imitation of natural selection in biology, but with self-determined factors deciding the fitness of a model. When training a neural network with an evolutionary algorithm, a large group of random models will be generated, all performing the same task. Some models, however, will be better suited for this task than others. How well they are suited to their environment is their fitness. This will be the determining factor of who survives and can therefore reproduce and create mutated offspring. This process is repeated as many times as required to reach the desired performance.

The hypothesis of this paper has been proven wrong. Neural networks trained with an evolutionary algorithm do end up performing at a higher level than models trained with reinforcement learning and backpropagation. However, Neural networks trained with an evolutionary algorithm are also more efficient with regard to not only the number of cycles needed to reach the same performance but also with regard to the time required.

Phish: A Novel Hyper-Optimizable Activation Function

Authors: Philip Naveen
Comments: 8 Pages. Written at Godwin High School

Deep-learning models estimate values using backpropagation. The activation function within hidden layers is a critical component to minimizing loss in deep neural-networks. Rectified Linear (ReLU) has been the dominant activation function for the past decade. Swish and Mish are newer activation functions that have shown to yield better results than ReLU given specific circumstances. Phish is a novel activation function proposed here. It is a composite function defined as f(x) = xTanH(GELU(x)), where no discontinuities are apparent in the differentiated graph on the domain observed. Four generalized networks were constructed using Phish, Swish, Sigmoid, and TanH. SoftMax was the output function. Using images from MNIST and CIFAR-10 databanks, these networks were trained to minimize sparse categorical crossentropy. A large scale cross-validation was simulated using stochastic Markov chains to account for the law of large numbers for the probability values. Statistical tests support the research hypothesis stating Phish could outperform other activation functions in classification. Future experiments would involve testing Phish in unsupervised learning algorithms and comparing it to more activation functions.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Triplere: Knowledge Graph Embeddings Via Triple Relation Vectors

Authors: Long Yu, ZhiCong Luo, Deng Lin, HuanYong Liu, YaFeng Deng
Comments: 6 Pages.

Knowledge representation is a classic problem in Knowledge graph.Distance-based models have made great progress.The most significant recent developments in this direction have been those of Rotate and PairRE, which focus on express relationships as projections of nodes.However TransX series Model(TransE, TransH, TransR) express relationships as translations of nodes.To date, the problem of the Combination of Projection and translation has received scant attention in the research literature.Hence, we propose TripleRE, a method which models relationships by projections and translations.Compared with the original distance-based knowledge representation model, results on ogbl-wikikg2 dataset are significantly improved.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Traffic Prediction Using Machine Learning: Literature Survey

Authors: Ji Yoon Kim
Comments: 4 Pages.

Accurate calculation of the commute cost is crucial for the government to decide whether housing subsidy will be provided to disadvantaged workers, or to create a new method that can reduce the commute cost of the disadvantaged workers by offering mass transit. Many studies have already proven that machine learning can predict traffic and commute times. Although different machine learning algorithms can be used, this study mainly uses Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), which are based on the Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) architecture.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

New Evolutionary Computation Models and their Applications to Machine Learning

Authors: Mihai Oltean
Comments: 170 Pages.

Automatic Programming is one of the most important areas of computer science research today. Hardware speed and capability have increased exponentially, but the software is years behind. The demand for software has also increased significantly, but it is still written in old fashion: by using humans. There are multiple problems when the work is done by humans: cost, time, quality. It is costly to pay humans, it is hard to keep them satisfied for a long time, it takes a lot of time to teach and train them and the quality of their output is in most cases low (in software, mostly due to bugs). The real advances in human civilization appeared during the industrial revolutions. Before the first revolution, most people worked in agriculture. Today, very few percent of people work in this field. A similar revolution must appear in the computer programming field. Otherwise, we will have so many people working in this field as we had in the past working in agriculture. How do people know how to write computer programs? Very simple: by learning. Can we do the same for software? Can we put the software to learn how to write software? It seems that is possible (to some degree) and the term is called Machine Learning. It was first coined in 1959 by the first person who made a computer perform a serious learning task, namely, Arthur Samuel. However, things are not so easy as in humans (well, truth to be said - for some humans it is impossible to learn how to write software). So far we do not have software that can learn perfectly to write software. We have some particular cases where some programs do better than humans, but the examples are sporadic at best. Learning from experience is difficult for computer programs. Instead of trying to simulate how humans teach humans how to write computer programs, we can simulate nature.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Multi Expression Programming

Authors: Mihai Oltean, D. Dumitrescu
Comments: 28 Pages. Technical Report, Babes-Bolyai Univ. 2002

Multi Expression Programming (MEP) is a new evolutionary paradigm intended for solving computationally difficult problems. MEP individuals are linear entities that encode complex computer programs. MEP chromosomes are represented in the same way as C or Pascal compilers translate mathematical expressions into machine code. MEP is used for solving some difficult problems like symbolic regression and game strategy discovering. MEP is compared with Gene Expression Programming (GEP) and Cartesian Genetic Programming (CGP) by using several well-known test problems. For the considered problems MEP outperforms GEP and CGP. For these examples MEP is two magnitude orders better than CGP.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Existence and Perception as the Basis of Agi

Authors: Victor V. Senkevich
Comments: 9 Pages.

As is known, AGI (Artificial General Intelligence), unlike AI, should operate with meanings. And that's what distinguishes it from AI. Any successful AI implementations (playing chess, unmanned driving, face recognition etc.) do not operate with the meanings of the processed objects in any way and do not recognize the meaning. But they don't need to. But for AGI, which emulates human thinking, this ability is crucial. Numerous attempts to define the concept of "meaning" have one very significant drawback - all such definitions are not strict and formalized, so they cannot be programmed. The meaning search procedure should use a formalized description of its existence and possible forms of its perception. For the practical implementation of AGI, it is necessary to develop such "ready-to-code" descriptions in the context of their use for processing the related cognitive concepts of "meaning" and "knowledge". An attempt to formalize the definition of such concepts is made in this article.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Evolving Evolutionary Algorithms using Multi Expression Programming

Authors: Mihai Oltean, Crina Grosan
Comments: 8 Pages. The 7th European Conference on Artificial Life, September 14-17, 2003, Dortmund, Edited by W. Banzhaf (et al), LNAI 2801, pp. 651-658, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2003.

Finding the optimal parameter setting (i.e. the optimal population size, the optimal mutation probability, the optimal evolutionary model etc) for an Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) is a difficult task. Instead of evolving only the parameters of the algorithm we will evolve an entire EA capable of solving a particular problem. For this purpose the Multi Expression Programming (MEP) technique is used. Each MEP chromosome will encode multiple EAs. An nongenerational EA for function optimization is evolved in this paper. Numerical experiments show the effectiveness of this approach.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

ANN Synthesis and Optimization of Electronically Scanned Coupled Planar Periodic and Aperiodic Antenna Arrays Modeled by the MoM-GEC Approach

Authors: B. Hamdi, A. Nouainia, T. Aguili, H. Baudrand
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper proposes a new formulation that relied on the moment technique combined with the equivalent circuit (MoM-GEC) to study a beamforming application for the coupled periodic and quasi-periodic planar antenna array. Numerous voltage designs are utilized to show the adequacy and unwavering quality of the proposed approach. The radiators are viewed as planar dipoles and consequently shared (mutual) coupling effects are considered. The recommended array shows a noticeable improvement against the current structures as far as size, 3-D scanning, directivity, SLL reduction, and HPBW. The results verify that multilayer feed-forward neural networks are vigorous and can take care of complex antenna problems. Even so, an artificial neural network (ANN) is ready to create quickly the results of optimization and synthesis by utilizing generalization with an early stopping method. Significant gain in the running time consumption and memory used is acquired employing this last technique for improving generalization (named early stopping). Simulation results are carried out using MATLAB. To approve this work, several simulation examples are shown.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Discriminator Variance Regularization for Wasserstein GAN

Authors: Jeongik Cho
Comments: 4 Pages.

In Wasserstein GAN, it is important to regularize the discriminator to have a not big Lipschitz constant. In this paper, I introduce discriminator variance regularization to regularize the discriminator of Wasserstein GAN to have a small Lipschitz constant. Discriminator variance regularization simply regularizes the variance of the discriminator's output to be small when input is real data distribution or generated data distribution. Intuitively, a low variance of discriminator output implies that the discriminator is more likely to have a low Lipschitz constant. Discriminator variance regularization does not explicitly regularize the Lipschitz constant of discriminator through differentiation on discriminator but lowers the probability that the Lipschitz constant of the discriminator is high. Discriminator variance regularization is used in Wasserstein GAN with R1 regularization, which suppresses the vibration of GAN. Discriminator variance regularization requires very little additional computing.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Modified Belief Functions Distance Measure for Orderable Set

Authors: Xingyue Yang, Xuan Zhao, Bingyi Kang
Comments: 23 Pages.

This paper proposes a new method of measuring the distance between conflicting order sets, quantifying the similarity between focal elements and their own size. This method can effectively measure the conflict of belief functions on an ordered set without saturation due to the non-overlapping focus elements. It has proven that the method satisfies the property of the distance. Examples of the engineering budget and sensors show that the distance can effectively measure the conflict between ordered sets, and prove the distance we propose to reflect the information of order sets more comprehensively by comparison with existing methods and the conflict metric between ordered sets is more robust and accurate
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Robotic Autonomy: A Survey

Authors: Bora King
Comments: 7 Pages.

Robotic autonomy is key to the expansion of robotic applications. The paper reviews the success of robotic autonomy in industrial applications, as well as the requirements and challenges on expanding robotic autonomy to in needing applications, such as education, medical service, home service, etc. Through the discussions, the paper draws the conclusion that robotic intelligence is the bottleneck for the broad application of robotic technology.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Application of Xgboost to Time Series Forecasting by Taking Advantage of Its Powerful Forecasting Performance

Authors: Tatsuhiko Yamato
Comments: 7 Pages.

Xgboost has the best forecasting performance among non-deep learning methods. However, it works well for interpolation problems and regression, but not for future forecasting of time series data that requires extrapolation. I think it is difficult to avoid this tendency even if we add explanatory variables in the background of the data. Possible explanatory variables include lags of a day or several days from the data, months, days, days of the week, holidays, and so on. In fact, the increase or decrease in data values due to these factors is quite possible and can serve as explanatory variables. However, even if you do this, you will not be able to capture the trend.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Bayesian Optimization for Category Space

Authors: Jun Jin
Comments: 2 Pages.

Hyper parameter optimization is widely used in AI areas. Hyper parameter usually means the value controls the whole learning process, but itself cannot be learned or tunned in training process. Hyper parameter is very important because it will greatly affect the learning result. A good hyper parameter set can lead to a much better result or cost much less training time, instead a bad hyper parameter usually will end in local optimum, or even failed to converge. Hyper parameters can be many difference kinds of types, it could be in the model itself (depth, node counts, etc..), or it could be in the algorithm (learning rate, optimizer, etc..). Different models or algorithms usually need different hyper parameters, even the same model/algorithm can use different hyper parameters to achieve better results. So hyper parameter exists in different part of the training process, some of the hyper parameter is described in a category. It usually means that the parameter can only be chosen in a range. This kind of parameter has some properties, for this special kind of hyper parameter we proposed a common method here to optimize it. By using this method we turn the category problems into Real searching space to achieve a better result.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A New Algorithm based on Extent Bit-array for Computing Formal Concepts

Authors: Jianqin Zhou, Sichun Yang, Xifeng Wang, Wanquan Liu
Comments: 12 Pages.

The emergence of Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) as a data analysis technique has increased the need for developing algorithms which can compute formal concepts quickly. The current efficient algorithms for FCA are variants of the Close-By-One (CbO) algorithm, such as In-Close2, In-Close3 and In-Close4, which are all based on horizontal storage of contexts. In this paper, based on algorithm In-Close4, a new algorithm based on the vertical storage of contexts, called InClose5, is proposed, which can significantly reduce both the time complexity and space complexity of algorithm In-Close4. Technically, the new algorithm stores both context and extent of a concept as a vertical bit-array, while within In-Close4 algorithm the context is stored only as a horizontal bit-array, which is very slow in finding the intersection of two extent sets. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is much more effective than In-Close4 algorithm, and it also has a broader scope of applicability in computing formal concept in which one can solve the problems that cannot be solved by the In-Close4 algorithm.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Granule Description based on Compound Concepts

Authors: Jianqin Zhou, Sichun Yang, Xifeng Wang, Wanquan Liu
Comments: 17 Pages.

Concise granule descriptions for describable granules and approaching description methods for indescribable granules are challenging and important issues in granular computing. The concept with only common attributes has been frequently studied. To investigate the granules with some special needs, we propose two new types of compound concepts in this paper: bipolar concept and common-and-necessary concept. Based on the definitions of concept-forming operations, the logical formulas are derived for each of the following types of concepts: formal concept, three-way concept, object oriented concept, bipolar concept and common-and-necessary concept. Furthermore, by utilizing the logical relationship among various concepts, we have derived concise and unified equivalent conditions for describable granules and approaching description methods for indescribable granules for all five kinds of concepts.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Enhancing the Weakening of the Conflict Evidence Using Similarity Matrix and Dispersion of Similarities in Dempster-Shafer Evidence Theory

Authors: Yan Li, Chenchen Lin, Huizi Cui, Bingyi Kang
Comments: 46 Pages. [Corrections to title made by viXra Admin]

Classic Dempster combination rule may result in illogical results when combining highly conflict evidence. How to deal with highly conflict evidence and get a reasonable result is critical. Modifying the evidence is one of significant strategies according to the importance of each evidence (e.g. similarity matrix). However, the dispersion of evidence similarity is rarely taken into consideration, which is also an important feature to distinguish the conflict evidence and normal evidence. In this paper, a new method based on similarity matrix and dispersion of evidence similarity is proposed to evaluate the importance of evidence in Dempster-Shafer theory (DST). The proposed method enhances to weaken the influence of the conflict evidence. Robustness of the proposed method is verified through the sensitivity analysis the changes of degree of conflict and amount of credible evidence changes in DST. Some numerical examples are used to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

AniVid: A Novel Anime Video Dataset with Applications in Animation

Authors: Kai Gangi
Comments: 5 Pages.

Automating steps of the animation production process using AI-based tools would ease the workload of Japanese animators. Although there have been recent advances in the automatic animation of still images, the majority of these models have been trained on human data and thus are tailored to images of humans. In this work, I propose a semi-automatic and scalable assembling pipeline to create a large-scale dataset containing clips of anime characters’ faces. Using this assembling strategy, I create AniVid, a novel anime video dataset consisting of 34,221 video clips. I then use a transfer learning approach to train a first order motion model (FOMM) on a portion of AniVid, which effectively animates still images of anime characters. Extensive experiments and quantitative results show that FOMM trained on AniVid outperforms other trained versions of FOMM when evaluated on my test set of anime videos.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Benchmarking of Lightweight Deep Learning Architectures for Skin Cancer Classification using ISIC 2017 Dataset

Authors: Abdurrahim Yilmaz, Mucahit Kalebasi, Yegor Samoylenko, Mehmet Erhan Guvenilir, Huseyin Uvet
Comments: 4 page for manuscript with 3 page supplementary that includes ROC curves of models.

Skin cancer is one of the deadly types of cancer and is common in the world. Recently, there has been a huge jump in the rate of people getting skin cancer. For this reason, the number of studies on skin cancer classification with deep learning are increasing day by day. For the growth of work in this area, the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC) organization was established and they created an open dataset archive. In this study, images were taken from ISIC 2017 Challenge. The skin cancer images taken were preprocessed and data augmented. Later, these images were trained with transfer learning and fine-tuning approach and deep learning models were created in this way. 3 different mobile deep learning models and 3 different batch size values were determined for each, and a total of 9 models were created. Among these models, the NASNetMobile model with 16 batch size got the best result. The accuracy value of this model is 82.00%, the precision value is 81.77% and the F1 score value is 0.8038. Our method is to benchmark mobile deep learning models which have few parameters and compare the results of the models.
Category: Artificial Intelligence