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[2171] viXra:2602.0156 [pdf] submitted on 2026-02-27 21:19:44
Authors: Shan-Hong Li
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition may not be accepted; the listing of references are not standard/complete)
We find a univariate quartic equation , and the coefficients of the equation are composed of the Schwinger term and the neutron spin g factor. The solution of the equation is two real roots and two conjugate imaginary roots. These roots are not arbitrary numbers, but are related to the anomalous magnetic moments of the three- generation of charged lepton. One of the two real roots is the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron, and the other is about one tenth of the anomalous magnetic moment of the τ lepton; the real number of the imaginary part of the two conjugate imaginary roots is about 10 times the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. For this strange proportional relation, we have discussed it and found out the exact relation that they may exist. Finally, we believe that the anomalous magnetic moments of the three-generation of charged lepton is derived from the same high-order algebraic equation, indicating that algebra can also study quantum physics, and also suggesting that there may be algebraic relations and potential deep physical laws.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2170] viXra:2602.0120 [pdf] submitted on 2026-02-22 21:30:35
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 11 Pages.
In this sequel to [6], we show that the electroweak vacuum v emerges as infrared scale generated by dimensional deviation ϵ≪1. The mechanism detailed here mirrors the mass-gap generation mechanism of non-Abelian gauge theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2169] viXra:2602.0079 [pdf] submitted on 2026-02-15 01:54:04
Authors: Max Artusy
Comments: 2 Pages.
A unique method is described to make the Marx circuit usable with saturating magneticswitching. This also enables high repetition rate operation. The properties of near indestructibleswitching, combined with self grading voltage distribution, offer unique scalable high voltage pulser design. Additionally the leading edge is pulse compressed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2168] viXra:2602.0074 [pdf] submitted on 2026-02-12 13:50:53
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 22 Pages.
The triviality of the Higgs sector in exactly four spacetime dimensions is a serious obstruction to the ultraviolet completion of the Standard Model for Particle Physics (SM). In contrast with the Asymptotic Safety program of Quantum Gravity, this brief report argues that minimal spacetime fractality above the SM scale, a) is a natural extension of Renormalization Group dynamics and b), it can successfully explain away the triviality problem.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2167] viXra:2602.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2026-02-08 19:58:22
Authors: Shengliang Dong
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Aiming at the "continuous-discrete" contradiction between general relativity and quantum theory at the Planck scale, as well as the defects of existing unified theories, this paper takes Ramanujan modular formulas as the mathematical core to construct a 10-dimensional discrete spacetime basis with a fractal fiber topological network. The basis is formed by the topological tensor product coupling of 3-simplices, elliptically deformed Calabi-Yau-like manifolds and fractal fibers, and the spacetime evolution is regulated by modular parameters. This study clarifies the intrinsic origin mechanism of time, initially constructs a correlation framework for 60 typical topological real particles, provides topological interpretations for the Higgs signal and the origin of photons, proposes a cyclic universe model, and predicts candidate particles for dark matter. This research offers a new research path for the unification of quantum and classical theories, and also provides a basic framework for the interdisciplinary research of high-dimensional spacetime and number-theoretic geometry.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2166] viXra:2602.0028 [pdf] submitted on 2026-02-05 14:32:32
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 31 Pages.
A while ago, a couple of readers asked me to write a user-friendly essay on the path leading from Dimensional Regularization (DR) of Quantum Field Theory to the far-from-equilibrium regime of ultraviolet phenomena. Below is my answer to their request. The takeaway point of this essay is that DR provides a natural route to fractal spacetime and complex behavior, without introducing unnecessary assumptions or extra degrees of freedom.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2165] viXra:2602.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2026-02-02 15:54:35
Authors: Shan-Hong Li
Comments: 1 Page.
We find a very simple formula for calculating the anomalous magnetic moment of muon. It has only the mass ratio of muon to electron and the fine structure constant, and its calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental measurements. We obtain that the anomalous magnetic moment of muon is a_μ=0.001165920756.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2164] viXra:2602.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2026-02-02 18:36:57
Authors: Shan-Hong Li
Comments: 1 Page.
We find a simple formula for calculating the anomalous magnetic moment of the τ lepton. Its results are basically consistent with the theoretical values of the Standard Model. The anomalous magnetic moment of the τ lepton we obtained is a_τ=0.001177236.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2163] viXra:2602.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2026-02-01 01:30:33
Authors: F. J. Mumford
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
A kinetic energy equation for relativistic particles has been proposed giving a practical explanation for the excessive energy required to accelerate and maintain particle velocities in a particle accelerator. The equation supports the concept that this energy is absorbed by Doppler-shifted vacuum photons when colliding with charged particles. It is also shown that these colliding photons impose a practical limit to the maximum particle velocity achievable in the vacuum medium. Experimental data for 6.5 TeV protons accelerated in the LHC and the Planck cosmological parameters for vacuum energy and mass densities were used in the derivation of the equation. Energy calculations using this equation are shown to be in excellent agreement with published data from particle accelerator laboratories. The new proposed equation offers not just an alternative to the SRT energy equation but gives a physical insight to the interaction of relativistic particles with photons within the vacuum medium whilst avoiding the controversy of postulates regarding relativistic mass and kinetic energy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2162] viXra:2601.0127 [pdf] submitted on 2026-01-27 00:36:59
Authors: Carl Littmann
Comments: 8 Pages.
Einstein’s Relativity Theory emphasizes that "if a body radiates a given amount of Energy, that emitting body loses a Mass equal to that emitted Energy divided by the speed of light squared". But if that lost mass can’t be fully found by adding up all the resulting products, including negligible-mass high-energy Neutrinos; where did that mass go? My paper asserts that the lost (hidden) mass was ‘injected’ into the ‘aether’, increasing aether’s mass. As Einstein even said, in 1930, "Space is Eating-Up matter!" I use that "Einstein Statement" to estimate a minimum mass density of aether in Space, i.e., a key estimate but still likely much too low. And I also show that Neutrino propagation is likely an Ethereal Pulse or Stress, like a Twisting Spring Pulse (wave), instead of a forward or backward pulse. Thus, not likely a Particle mass flying through space, like a bullet or ‘baseball’. And I give more details, and address related questions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2161] viXra:2601.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2026-01-01 03:47:28
Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen, Subha Sen
Comments: 17 Pages. 2 Figures; 2 Tables
The idea that universe is constituted of a few fundamental substances haunted the human history from earliest of times. Philosophical description of these as earth, water, fire, air and space could not satisfy the urge of scientists who tried to find a scientific description of these essential components. At the dawn of the twentieth century, some such particles were recognized which are electron, proton and neutron. At this time Dirac combined special theory of relativity with quantum mechanics and derived the notion of anti-particles. High energy physics extended the number of constituent particles and their interactions as par Standard Model to weak, quantum electro dynamics (QED), quantum chrono dynamics (QCD) and strong interaction. It is particle physics which definitely showed the role of quantum force as the attractive force between unsymmetrical objects. Big Bang theory of evolution of the universe was found to be inadequate for explaining the binding force of the universe. Alternative theory based on rotation and revolution of energy plasma was found suitable for the formation and binding of the universe. Here it is shown that gravitation and gravity are the effect of quantum forces in different degrees which bind matter by push-in forces from outside and gravity is the faintest reminiscence of gravitation. This idea finds support from particle physics to solve the misconception of gravity as attraction between matter and the failure of Einstein’s search for a unified field theory. Finally, it is established that high energy physics and particle physics cannot reach so high an energy that prevailed in the early stage of the formation of the universe. However, finding ultimate particles is not solved till today.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2160] viXra:2512.0145 [pdf] submitted on 2025-12-31 02:06:37
Authors: Arghirescu Marius
Comments: 11 Pages.
The paper analyses the cold genesis of electron and of vector photon considered in a vortical model, from a primordial dark energy having a brownian component and a wind-like component of an etherono-quantonic medium, containing also heavy (sinergonic) etherons and quantons with mass mh = h.1/c^2 , by two equation of dynamic equilibrium and by a u201asinergonic’ force of Magnus-type. It was deduced that in the actual cosmic era, for the cold forming of these leptons would be necessary a critical density of sinergons: p_s^0 + p_sv^0 ≈ 7.2x10^18 kg/m^3 and a critical induction associated to the fomed vortex-tube: B^0(r_v^k) = 3.37x10^17 T , respective -B^0(r_0) = 0.79x10^16 T, for the forming of light vector photons with mass m_v ≈ 2.3x10_-40 kg and of electronic centroids, but in the begining of the Proto-Universe era these particles could have been formed from slowed quantons, confined by a less intense sinergonic vortex, either with a density p_s > p_s^0(r_v), at an associated vortex-field intensity: B < B_0, or at p_s < p_s^0(r_v), by a gravito-magnetic potential V_gm(r) , if the rotation speed of vortexed quantons not exceed a critical value v_c^c = k_cc, with k_c = v_hp_sv^cs/(sqrt2)m_h , corresponding to a critical Bc-field associated to the etherono-quantonic vortex: B_c = k_1p_sv^c(rv)w = k_1p_s^c(r_v)k_cc.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2159] viXra:2512.0130 [pdf] submitted on 2025-12-28 02:27:29
Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: 7 Pages.
The most precise mass determination of the charged pion listed by Particle Data Group is the one by Daum. Hypersphere factoring of that mass yields a theoretical mass that is only 0.00006 MeV from the experimentally determined value and well within the .00014 MeV experimental error. The most amazing thing about this analysis is that the best hypersphere surface volume factoring of the pion’s mass was done with the surface volume of a unit radius 28-sphere, suggesting that the charged pion is a 28 dimensional object. (It appears 3-dimensional to us because it is attached to the Higgs field — which is 3 dimensional - and so moves with only 3 degrees of dimensional freedom as one would expect of a 3-dimensional particle.)Is the pion 28 dimensional? Examine the factoring and decide for yourself.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2158] viXra:2512.0102 [pdf] submitted on 2025-12-23 23:03:42
Authors: Miroslav pardy
Comments: 7 Pages. Original article
The probability of the emission of the electron-positron pairs is calculated from the mass operator formalism introduced by Milton at al. (1981). Thisformalism is used to estimate the rate of theelectron-positron pair production by virtualtual synchrotron photons. The rate is governed bythe very small function and therefore the process is beyond the possibility of experimental observation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2157] viXra:2512.0097 [pdf] submitted on 2025-12-21 21:14:24
Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 3 Pages.
We present a simple model of two interacting Majorana fermions that, in its bosonizedform, exhibits a soliton spectrum in the strong-coupling regime. When the couplings areappropriately tuned, the masses of the composite bosonic excitations follow a quantizedpattern of the form m_(n,N) ≈ n(N + 1)mZα/(2π), where n is a positive integer (principal quantum number), N is a non-negative integer (shell index), m_Z is the Z-boson mass, and α is the fine-structure constant. This spectrum emerges naturally from the multi-soliton and shell-like excitations in the coupled sine-Gordon model and provides a direct realization of the quantized mass formula proposed in [1] for charged fermions. The result suggests that shell-structured quantization may be a universal feature of strongly coupled fermionic systems with periodic potentials.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2156] viXra:2512.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2025-12-14 00:32:59
Authors: Azzam Almosallami
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
We present a novel interpretation of light prop-agation under velocity-dependent conformal Lorentz transformations (CLT). The conformal factor introduces a coordinate-dependent "medium" through which light propagates, while preserving the physical invariance of the speed of light. Theproperties of this medium are directly linked to relativistic kinetic energy, resulting in a velocity-dependent effective refractiveindex. Furthermore, the inverse transformation for observers in the moving frame gives rise to an imaginary refractive index, reflecting coordinate contraction and phase-like distortions.Nonlinear effects are also considered, where the refractive index varies nonlinearly with velocity or energy. This framework offers a unified view connecting relativistic energy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2155] viXra:2512.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2025-12-09 15:49:23
Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 23 Pages.
In this paper, we present a compelling alternative to the Standard Model's Higgs mechanism. Our framework is built on two core principles: 1) the mass of particles originates from the self-energy of their associated gauge fields, where composite particles exhibit effective charges arising from gauge dynamics, and 2) certain massive bosons are composite systems. We model the Z^0 and H^0 bosons as the ground and first excited states of a composite W^+ W^− system. The most powerful aspect of this work is our striking, model-independent prediction: the binding distances of Z^0 and H^0 are related by r_H ≈ 2r_Z. This relationship naturally explains their spin difference-vector Z^0 (S=1) and scalar H^0 (S=0)-as triplet and singlet states of the W^+W^− system. Our model makes concrete, falsifiable predictions, including a second excited state with a predicted mass of approximately Z_3 ≈135.4 GeV. The search for this resonance at future colliders constitutes a crucial test that could serve as key experimental evidence for questioning fundamental assumptions about electroweak symmetry breaking. By identifying Z^0 and H^0 as different states of the same underlying system, we explain their masses without invoking the Higgs field, thereby resolving the vacuum energy fine-tuning problem. The Higgs mechanism appears to be an unnecessary construct, as the problem it addresses finds a more natural solution in the inherent properties of effective charges emerging from gauge dynamics and composite structures.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2154] viXra:2512.0037 [pdf] submitted on 2025-12-09 00:38:15
Authors: Robert L. Galambos
Comments: 8 Pages. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17854959 (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Building upon the fermion mass ratio formulas established in Paper II, we demonstrate that the complete charged fermion mass spectrum exhibits a two-dimensional lattice structure with basis vectors (5, 6). Every fermion mass satisfies m = mu2091 × φu207f where n = 5a + 6b for integers a, b, and φ = (1+√5)/2 is the golden ratio. The basis vectors have geometric interpretations: 5 = (φ + φu207b¹)² encodes self-referential structure, while 6 = D/τ connects spatial dimension D = 3 to the Aionity fixed point τ = 1/2. We provide complete lattice coordinates for all nine charged fermions, explain the systematic error pattern as renormalization group flow from bare geometric masses to physical dressed masses, and derive predictions for neutrino masses at negative lattice positions. The constraint b_max = D − 1 = 2 explains why exactly three generations of fermions exist. Zero free parameters.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2153] viXra:2512.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2025-12-08 17:24:56
Authors: Deepak Pashilkar
Comments: 20 Pages.
Masses of the three neutrino mass eigenstates are predicted to be m0, 4m0 & 22m0 where m0 = 2.281 meV/c². These predictions are arrived at by applying two ad-hoc postulates to neutrino oscillation data. First postulate is that the mass m0 of the lightest neutrino mass eigenstate is the smallest quantum of mass and masses of all the massive elementary particles are positive integer multiples of m0. The dimensionless gravitational coupling constant αg is then defined as, αg = m0/Mp, where Mp is the Planck Mass. The second postulate is that the dark energy is represented by a cosmological constant Λ or, equivalently, a vacuum energy with constant density ρΛ = αg4 ρp, where ρp is the Planck Density. These postulates also lead to the prediction of the value of (dimensionless) vacuum energy density to be ΩΛ h2 = 0.3344, in agreement with the ΛCDM model. Furthermore, the effective electron neutrino mass in β decay is predicted to be mβ = 9.185 meV/c². We also predict the effective Majorana mass of electron neutrino to be mββ ≤ 5.803 meV/c². This upper bound on mββ is then used to calculate lower bounds on half-lifes of various isotopes expected to undergo a neutrinoless double beta (0νββ) decay. Finally the two postulates are used to construct a natural system of units.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2152] viXra:2512.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2025-12-04 20:11:24
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 33 Pages.
We put forward a theoretical framework in which fermion masses and mixing angles arise from the unstable oscillations of the Higgs condensate near a Hopf bifurcation. These fluctuating modes generate phase differences corresponding to the observable mixing angles and the strong CP phase. Our analysis provides a minimal route from universal Hopf bifurcations to the CKM/PMNS phenomenology.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2151] viXra:2512.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2025-12-05 01:24:08
Authors: Tai Wei Song
Comments: 22 Pages.
This paper reconstructs the logical foundations of the physical and mathematical theories thatreveal the most fundamental laws of the natural world, based on the Geometry of Space-TimeStructures created by the author. There are no quarks in the natural world, and the mostfundamental particles in the natural world are protons and electrons. Protons p+ in atomic nuclei can form strong mutual attraction by exchanging electrons e− in their immediate neighborhood, there are no neutrons in atomic nuclei. Cosmic expansion does not exist,redshift is a natural phenomenon in the macroscopic world. Geometry of Space-Time Structures is the geometry of motion, which truly reveals the relationships and inner laws of motion and change in the natural world.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2150] viXra:2511.0137 [pdf] submitted on 2025-11-28 02:56:54
Authors: G. K. Artimovich
Comments: 38 Pages. In Russian
The second part of the article is devoted to the transition from classical to quantized fields. The concept of the product of field operators is reconsidered. On this basis, a modified postulate of canonical quantization is formulated. An equation of motion for operators that differs from the generally accepted one is proposed. Using the example of the polarization operator, it is demonstrated that the modified theory can solve the problem of ultraviolet divergences.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2149] viXra:2511.0092 [pdf] submitted on 2025-11-18 09:35:05
Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 22 Pages.
Dirac magnetic monopoles are hypothetical elementary particles. By assuming their existence one can explain the quantization of electric charge, the August Kundt experiment, and the conservation of baryon and lepton number. Here I present a new nomenclature where I redefine isospin and hypercharge. By doing so I explain baryon and lepton number conservation as an effect of the electric-magnetic duality and the $U(1)times U(1)$ gauge symmetry of quantum electromagnetodynamics. By using this method I predict the quantum numbers of an octet of magnetic monopoles. Another surprising result is that both leptons and quarks have nonzero magnetic isospin, a new quantum number. Moreover I show that Dirac magnetic monopoles can form low-mass bound states which are analogous to mesons, baryons, atoms, and molecules. I point out that these bound states could be the major component of cold dark matter. The PandaX Collaboration reported an excess of 4.3 events above the background in the PandaX-4T experiment. The best fit for this excess was obtained for a WIMP mass of 6 GeV. Here I show that both the mass and the interaction cross-section are compatible with bound states of Dirac magnetic monopoles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2148] viXra:2511.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2025-11-18 00:44:39
Authors: V. F. Chibisov, I. V. Chibisov
Comments: 14 Pages.
According to data from the Planck space observatory, the total mass-energy of the observable universe consists of 4.9% ordinary (baryonic) matter, 26.8% dark matter, and 68.3% dark energy. Thus, the universe is 95.1% dark matter and dark energy. For several decades, science has been struggling to understand these dark entities and to experimentally detect their carriers. This article attempts to answer these questions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2147] viXra:2511.0074 [pdf] submitted on 2025-11-16 18:26:15
Authors: Fabrizio Vassallo
Comments: 7 Pages.
Some applications of a preon model, presented in previous articles, are proposed. The model derives from the concept of bifurcation from theory of nonlinear dynamical systems applied to particle physics, and predicts the existence of mass quanta linked together by a recursive and scale-invariant relation. It also makes use of the concepts of fractional spin, superluminality and variable dimensions of spacetime.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2146] viXra:2511.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2025-11-13 22:03:59
Authors: G. K. Artimovich
Comments: 25 Pages.
Modern quantum theory was born in 1925 — exactly 100 years ago — in the works of W. Heisenberg, P. Jordan, and M. Born. However, one of its main problems — the problem of so-called ultraviolet divergences — remains unsolved to this day. The purpose of this article is to develop a modified quantum theory that (at least partially) solves the problem. The article consists of three parts. The first part, presented here, outlines a modified theory of non-quantized fields. The true gauge group of electrodynamics is determined. A modified Lagrangian of electromagnetic interaction is proposed. A hypothesis regarding the nature of so-called dark energy is put forward.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2145] viXra:2511.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2025-11-11 20:47:56
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 17 Pages.
According to [1-3], there are compelling reasons for connecting the continuous and evolving dimensionality of spacetime above the Standard Model (SM) scale to the onset of complex dynamics in the deep ultraviolet sector of field theory. A key observation inspired by this viewpoint is that dimensional fluctuations unfolding in far-from-equilibrium conditions lead to the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE), a universal model of nonlinear phenomena. Framed as sequel to [4-5], this work advances a novel interpretation of the Higgs mechanism as emerging manifestation of CGLE. Our interpretation focuses on the reduction of CGLE to the behavior of an overdamped scalar field and the formation of supercritical Hopf bifurcations. We find that, in this classical picture, Hopf bifurcations provide an analog description of the Higgs condensate and the standard mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking. Built entirely outside Lagrangian field theory, our approach suggests unconventional explanations of the SM structure and the emergence of broken discrete symmetries in electroweak interactions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2144] viXra:2510.0128 [pdf] submitted on 2025-10-26 22:57:23
Authors: Jianming Wang
Comments: 6 Pages.
How to extract the mass of up quark and down quark in proton? In this paper, a new extraction method is found. Although the exact mass of the up quark and the down quark in the proton cannot be obtained, the accurate ratio of the mass of the up quark and the down quark can be extracted, and the mass relationship among the three valence quarks can be found. Based on the experimental results of Seaquest carried out by Fermilab in 2021, through analysis, the accurate ratio of up quark to down quark mass (mu/md=0.707) is obtained, and the mass triangle is established. It is deduced that the sum of squares of up quark mass in protons is equal to the square of down quark mass. The mathematical expression is mu²+ mu²= md². According to the observation of the decay law of other baryons, the quark law in baryons is obtained. The basic content of quark law: except protons, the heavy quarks in other baryons will decay into up quark or down quark, and the sum of squares of up quark mass should be equal to the square of down quark mass.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2143] viXra:2510.0100 [pdf] submitted on 2025-10-21 20:30:58
Authors: Miroslav pardy
Comments: 7 Pages. Original article
The Schwinger proper-time method [which avoids] the direct use of the wave function is used in order to calculate the vacuum polarization in the presence of the homogenous magnetic field. The derivation gives the same results as obtained by Adler (1971) and Minguzi (1956).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2142] viXra:2510.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2025-10-17 03:21:55
Authors: Taiwei Song
Comments: 10 Pages.
Based on the Geometry of Space-Time Structures founded by the author himself, this paper demonstrates the physical nature of the integration of time, space, matter at the extremely small spatial scale, and the natural essence of strong interactions between particles; proves that proton p+ and electron e- are the most fundamental particles of matter in the natural world; reveals the material structure and creative logic of neutrons and atomic nuclei; establish precise mathematical relationships between neutron and atomic nucleus structures and discrete space fractional dimensions; reveals various new quantum state structures of pep quantum pairs formed by adjacent protons in atomic nuclei and their relationships with natural number sets, etc.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2141] viXra:2510.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2025-10-02 23:15:40
Authors: Ikechukwu Iloh Udema
Comments: 18 Pages.
The root mean square mass radii of the proton are produced by means of the extraction of the effective mass from different kinds of photoproduction and, strangely, center of mass energy without overt exploration of the equation (R(m)^2 = 12/m(eff)^2) that ought to contain the missing fundamental constant. Thus, by exploring theoretical and computational means, the study’s goal is to address frameworks’ and related methods’ congruence with the outcomes that could be obtained from them with the following two of four objectives. 1) To derive an equation defining the fundamental constant missing from the controverted equation in the literature; 2) to justify the argument that the missing fundamental constant obscured the relationship, if at all, between QCD and the derived equation, etc. Some of the computed values of root mean square mass radius (R(m)) of the proton based on 1.19518 exp. (-25)/m(eff) (From Eq. (13) are 0.644869 fm (its effective mass (m(eff)) is equal to 1.06 GeV); 0.83361 fm (its m(eff) is equal 0.82 GeV); 0.551246 fm (its m(eff) is equal to 1.24 GeV). If the derived equation R(m)^2 =12ħ^2c^2/m(eff)^2 bears any iota of relevance to the QCD framework, then there was no basis whatsoever for the omission of the fundamental constant, ħc or ħ^2c^2. Thus, the omission, until proved otherwise, only served to obscure the fact that the equation does not have any bearing on the QCD framework. A definite value of Rm is 1.10168 fm. While m(eff) showed an inverse relationship based on a power law with rest mass, future study may focus on the theoretical determination of the former. PACS Number: 40, 12.38, 12.10.KtKeywords: Classical framework, QCD framework, mass-energy equivalence, root mean square mass radius, mass, proton.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2140] viXra:2509.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-29 02:13:04
Authors: Miroslav pardy
Comments: 11 Pages. Original article
We have used the logical arguments for the proof that photon is a soliton. Neutrino is also a soliton due to the the experimental argument following from the neutron decay. However, with regard to the fact that every elementaryparticle has also so-called soliton parity, it is not excluded that the soliton parity of K0-mesons and pi0-ions are also broken. This experimental possibility was not still confirmed. Nevertheless, it can be confirmed by the brilliant interferometric experiments because the broken soliton parity leads to thebroken interferometry maxima and minima.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2139] viXra:2509.0141 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-27 10:29:03
Authors: Salvatore Minutoli
Comments: 8 Pages.
We present a mathematically consistent formulation of a holographic model where 4D gravity and matter emerge from a single primordial tensor field in a 10-dimensional bulk spacetime. The model is defined by a Z_2 -symmetric action with a quadratic potential, V(I)=1/2 m^2 I_B^A I_A^B, ensuring stability. We derive the full effective potential for the radion field, rigorously incorporating contributions from higher-dimensional curvature, field gradient energy, potential energy, and a stabilizing Freund-Rubin flux. We demonstrate analytically and numerically that a stable minimum exists for realistic parameters, naturally generating the Planck-electroweak hierarchy. The emergence of the Standard Model is not presented as a derived result but as a concrete research program based on orbifold compactifications and the index theorem. The model predicts a TeV-scale radion, deviations from Newtonian gravity at short distances, and gravitational decoherence, providing clear avenues for experimental verification.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2138] viXra:2509.0098 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-16 11:12:06
Authors: Jianming Wang
Comments: 7 Pages.
Protons are the basic particles that make up the universe. Since Ernest Rutherford discovered protons in 1919, great progress has been made in the study of protons in particle physics. Protons are composed of quarks and gluons, and quarks are divided into valence quarks and sea quarks. At present, particle physics has not paid attention to the study of the mass relationship between three valence quarks in protons. Because quarks are confined in protons, the mass of quarks cannot be obtained directly from experiments, so there is a lack of experimental basis for research. So ,Is there any way to find the relationship between the three valence quarks in protons? In this paper, a new research method is found. By finding the exact ratio of the mass of the up quark and the down quark, the relationship among the three valence quarks can be found. At the same time, the discussion on Higgs mechanism and vacuum condensation of QCD can be avoided. Based on the experimental results of seaquest carried out by Fermilab in 2021, through analysis, the accurate ratio of up quark to down quark mass (mu/md=0.707) is obtained, and the mass triangle is established. It is deduced that the sum of squares of up quark mass in protons is equal to the square of down quark mass. The mathematical expression is: mu²+ mu²= md²; According to the observation of the decay law of other baryons, the quark law in baryons is obtained: except protons, the heavy quarks in other baryons will decay into up quarks or down quarks, and the sum of squares of up quarks should be equal to the square of down quarks.According to mu²+ mu²= md², it is deduced that there are three generations of protons in the universe, in order to remind people to rethink the protons in the universe. The core of the view that there are three generations of protons in the universe is that the proton in the center of the star and the proton valence quark on the surface are different. Using the viewpoint that there are three generations of protons in the universe, we can explain some unsolved mysteries of the sun, analyze the reasons for the expansion of the universe, and create conditions for the final cracking of dark matter and dark energy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2137] viXra:2509.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-09 02:50:47
Authors: Thomas H. Weight
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)
We update Newton’s first law of motion and Weak Equivalence in light of General Relativity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2136] viXra:2509.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-09 02:50:12
Authors: Thomas H. Weight
Comments: 2 Pages.
We attempt to provide a theoretical basis for Renzo’s Rule in order to clarify a long-standing misunderstanding in physics and conjecture that Photons are Dark Matter.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2135] viXra:2509.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-08 01:11:08
Authors: Alaa H. Kheder
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
The Temporal Difference Principle introduces a novel framework for understanding matter-field interactions through two distinct but interdependent timescales: one dependent on mass and the other on field dynamics. These timescales are inversely related, and this inverse relationship is crucial for maintaining dynamic equilibrium in the system. The paper explores the theoretical underpinnings of the principle, derived mathematical models, and their implications for understanding complex physical systems. The results demonstrate how mass and field interactions scale within the system, offering new perspectives on energy transfer, particle dynamics, and cosmological behavior. This approach holds potential for extending existing models in quantum mechanics and relativity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2134] viXra:2508.0179 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-29 21:07:43
Authors: Mojtaba Najafizadeh
Comments: 32 Pages. Published in IJMPA, DOI: 10.1142/S0217751X25501222. A 10 min explanation is available at: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=djnYDZZ1Jd0
Energy and momentum in Newtonian mechanics have the familiar relations, (E=mv2∕2) and (P=mv), derived from the nonrelativistic limit of special relativity. In this study, we find the corresponding relations to formulate the so-called "post-Carrollian mechanics" by applying the ultra-relativistic limit to tachyon theory, resulting in (E=mc3∕v) and (P=v̂mc3∕2v2). Using these, we determine the energy-momentum relation and investigate the thermodynamics of an ideal gas composed of post-Carroll particles. Moreover, by applying the ultra-relativistic limit to Einstein’s equations coupled to tachyon dust, we find the post-Carrollian gravitational potential. Finally, utilizing the geodesic equation, we determine the post-Carrollian gravitational field, which unlike the Newtonian case is found to be radially outward.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2133] viXra:2508.0149 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-25 15:17:45
Authors: En Okada
Comments: 16 Pages.
We present observations that are too-beautiful-to-be-coincidence in relation to the hierarchy problems in fundamental physics, which lead to a still conceptional but promising theoretical framework as an alternative to the standard models of both cosmology and particle physics. This paper serves as a memorandum and priming water rather than a conventional article, aiming to invite further studies to extend or sophisticate our primitive ideas towards perfection. We duly believe that making the conceptional memorandum publicly available on vixra would serve as a catalyst for open collaboration that benefits the physics community.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2132] viXra:2508.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-24 22:33:39
Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 11 Pages. Original article
We define the mathematical object called photon mass operator and we evaluate it in the homogenous magnetic field using the Green function techniquein the homogenous magnetic field. The physical meaning of the photon mass operator is the vacuum polarization by the external field.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2131] viXra:2508.0139 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-21 05:59:03
Authors: Ryuku Akahoshi
Comments: 3 Pages. CC BY 4.0. See also Zenodo DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16913761
This study proposes that the mass hierarchy of elementary particles is governed by a geometric principle of two-dimensional quantization. We show that a single, theoretically-derived parameter γ organizes the masses of leptons and heavy bosons (μ, τ, W, Z, H) on a quadratic lattice m/me = n1² + γ n2² with high precision and no fine-tuning. The theoretical value of γ is derived from a vacuum energy minimization model, where a spontaneous symmetry breaking locks the vacuum's vibrational modes into a narrow angular wedge. This predicted γ incorporates both a geometric term derived from the wedge angle and a small, physically-motivated tension ratio (Ay/Ax). Statistical validation against a null hypothesis confirms the significance of the fit (p ≈ 0.012), and the uniqueness of the integer-pair assignments is ensured by a robust stability margin. The model's applicability is further explored in the hadron sector, where its predictions, while less precise, remain qualitatively successful, suggesting a universal geometric foundation for mass.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2130] viXra:2508.0137 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-21 20:07:11
Authors: Hacı Soğukpınar
Comments: 19 Pages. 31 equations (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
The classical notion of time as a fundamental, continuous, and linear parameter is increasingly challenged by persistent puzzles in cosmology and quantum gravity. This paper proposes a paradigm shift by defining time not as a primary dimension, but as an emergent property of the evolution of spacetime's fractal structure. We introduce a novel framework where the flow of time is governed by the rate of change of the fractal dimension D, postulating a fundamental relation dt=dD/V(D), where V(D) is a fractal potential energy density. This core axiom naturally gives rise to a thermodynamic arrow of time and provides a singularity-free initial condition for the universe. Applying this model to cosmology, we derive a modified Friedmann equation and show that the observed age of the universe (13.8 Gyr) is consistently recovered through the calibration of V(D). Furthermore, the model offers first-principle explanations for late-time cosmic acceleration, interpreting dark energy as a manifestation of the fractal geometry's scale-dependence, and predicts a specific effective equation of state (w_eff=-1+p/3). At quantum scales, the framework predicts critical slowing down of particle interactions near specific fractal thresholds, potentially testable in high-energy experiments. Finally, we present a set of definitive, testable predictions, including specific imprints on the low-ℓ CMB power spectrum, anomalies in atomic clock comparisons, and deviations in the Hubble parameter measured from standard sirens. This work establishes fractal time as a viable and falsifiable hypothesis that bridges cosmological and quantum phenomena, offering a new path toward unifying gravity with the standard model.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2129] viXra:2508.0134 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-21 23:48:06
Authors: Jose L. P. R. Fernandes
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This article proposes a conceptual reformulation of beta decays and the internal composition of atomic nuclei, focusing on the active role of neutrinos and antineutrinos as energy shields. The central hypothesis suggests the existence of matter and antimatter particles—latent electrons and positrons—cohabiting the nucleus with the stabilizing support of neutrinos (matter) and antineutrinos (antimatter), preventing their annihilation. Furthermore, the Neutrinic Model introduces neutral entities such as μu2070 and τu2070 resulting from heavy lepton decays, proposing a functional reorganization rather than extinction. This approach offers a new perspective on the latent structure of nuclei and the cosmic equilibrium between matter and antimatter.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2128] viXra:2508.0099 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-15 20:04:57
Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
It is said that the universe began with the Big Bang. As the universe was born from the Big Bang, time began to flow, and energy came into existence. It began to expand at the speed of light, becoming the present-day universe. At the point when the early universe began expanding, the age-old question, "Where did energy come from?" can be answered using the mathematical model of the Planck's law and the Planck units. The universe was born from nothing, as empty space with a Planck length. As time began to flow within this space, an unknown energy particle with the Planck mass, which would later be converted to energy, was simultaneously generated. This unknown particle is called the pep (pre-energy particle). As the early universe expanded, peps were continuously generated, producing peps equal to the mass and energy of the present-day universe. The internal temperature of the early universe reached the Planck temperature, 1.41678 × 10^32 K. Now, this space became so hot that the early universe, unable to withstand the Planck temperature, experienced an event called the Big Bang, which began expanding at the speed of light. The Big Bang refers to a phase change where the pep is converted into energy. The Planck temperature is hot spot where energy is generated and annihilated. The generation and annihilation of energy demonstrates that time, energy, and temperature are interrelated. The idea that energy is generated and annihilated does not violate the law of conservation of energy but rather helps us understand the universe.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2127] viXra:2508.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-13 02:00:04
Authors: Xiaohua Ye
Comments: 75 Pages.
Although the Standard Model explains much about fundamental particles and forces, it is incomplete and has inconsistencies with experimental results. We introduce a new particle model (NPM) that addresses unresolved issues across various particle types, such as bosons, leptons, quarks, hadrons, and nuclides, predicts physics beyond the Standard Model, and clarifies concepts by highlighting deeper patterns and structures.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2126] viXra:2508.0081 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-12 20:35:44
Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 52 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further regurgitation will not be accepted; please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
The Golden Function represents a novel, dimensionless framework for understanding the interrelations between fundamental constants, interactions, and structures across diverse scientific disciplines. Inspired by the golden ratio φ and fractal geometries, this function offers a unifying perspective on the mathematical and physical principles that govern the cosmos, from the quantum scale to cosmology, biology, and even human cognition. In this paper, we explore the foundational aspects of the Golden Function, examining its potential to unify disparate scientific fields such as particle physics, cosmology, biology, and mathematics under a single, coherent structure. We analyze its application in areas ranging from quantum mechanics to the dynamics of biological systems, and propose that the function can serve as a tool for predicting new phenomena, revealing previously unrecognized symmetries in nature, and enhancing our understanding of complex systems. By connecting fractality, scaling laws, and the fine-structure constant, the Golden Function opens up new avenues for interdisciplinary research, bridging the gap between abstract theoretical frameworks and empirical observations. Ultimately, this paper positions the Golden Function as a cornerstone in the pursuit of a unified theory of everything, highlighting its potential to reshape our understanding of the universe at all scales. The inverse fine-structure constant has long intrigued physicists due to its dimensionless nature and fundamental role in quantum electrodynamics. In this work, we propose a novel topological framework for its emergence based on the geometry of the Poincaré Dodecahedral Space (PDS) and the arithmetic of the golden ratio φ. We introduce the Golden Function: a φ-scaled summation of rational components that approximates the experimental value of fine-structure constant with high precision. Its structure mirrors the spectral distribution of the Laplace—Beltrami operator on PDS. We argue that this expression is not numerological, but an emergent topological eigenvalue arising from the compact, positively curved 3-manifold , where natural harmonic modes reflect φ-based fractal scaling. The use of φ—an irrational, dimensionless constant found in both mathematics and biology—bridges quantum microphysics and global spatial topology, suggesting a universal, scale-invariant architecture. We demonstrate that the first eigenmodes of the PDS Laplacian correspond quantitatively to the terms in the Golden Function and define constraints on physical constants, consistent with a holographic or topological quantum field theory framework. By embedding φ-scaling into the spectral topology, the fine-structure constant arises not as an arbitrary empirical number but as a consequence of the Universe’s fractal-harmonic and topological structure. We further propose a dimensionless derivation of fine-structure constant, grounded in the Golden Function, incorporating Euler’s number, the golden ratio, and circular constants. The model embeds a fractal golden torus inside 3-spheres, including the Poincaré dodecahedral space, to describe fundamental quantization and angular momentum states. Recursive golden spirals constrained within higher-dimensional topologies reveal the geometric origin of electromagnetic coupling, unifying topological quantization, conformal invariants, and toroidal harmonics in a cosmological—quantum framework.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2125] viXra:2508.0063 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-10 04:01:47
Authors: Carl Littmann
Comments: 8 Pages.
Einstein’s Relativity Theory emphasizes that "if a body radiates a given amount of Energy, that emitting body loses a Mass equal to that emitted Energy divided by the speed of light squared". But if that lost mass can’t be fully found by adding up all the resulting products, including negligible-mass high-energy Neutrinos; where did that mass go? My paper asserts that the lost (hidden) mass was ‘injected’ into the ‘aether’, increasing aether’s mass. As Einstein even said, in 1930, "Space is Eating-Up matter!" I use that "Einstein Statement" to estimate a minimum mass density of aether in Space, i.e., a key estimate but still likely much too low. And I also show that Neutrino propagation is likely an Ethereal Pulse or Stress, like a Twisting Spring Pulse (wave), instead of a forward or backward pulse. Thus, not likely a Particle mass flying through space, like a bullet or ‘baseball’. And I give more details, and address related questions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2124] viXra:2508.0035 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-06 20:45:49
Authors: Gene H. Barbee
Comments: 29 Pages.
Creation appears to have been an information-based act which separated mass energy plus kinetic energy from equal and opposite field energy. Correlation of particle data with information shows that there are two levels to nature, 1) an information level associated with mind and 2) an energy level that supports evolution of our body and brain in a large universe. The author developed an information-based model of fundamental particles based on these two levels. We perceive information with electromagnetic senses at the interface of these two levels of nature. Particles described by the author’s models contain information required to create the universe around us. For example, three energy/information components define a three-dimensional universe. We inherit this information viewing point because we are an integral part of nature. The concept that the information level of nature is mind and that it is a subset of Mind [6][7][8] helps us understand. It leads to the view that life leads to valuable information increases and that we participate in ongoing creation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2123] viXra:2508.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-05 05:15:02
Authors: Weifeng Wang
Comments: 9 pages
Neutrino mass origins remain one of the central unsolved puzzles in particle physics. Leading mechanisms were established by the early 2000s, with limited essential breakthroughs observed in the past twenty years. These approaches often rely on the unobserved Higgs triplet field, non-renormalizable operators or the hypothetical coupling of the left-handed and right-handed neutrinos. In this work, we address these fundamental challenges by proposing a novel low-scale mechanism where neutrino masses are generated through a renormalizable, Higgs doublet-mediated interaction between the SU(2) lepton doublet and the conjugated singlet, distinct from the conventional Higgs-Yukawa coupling formed between the lepton doublet and singlet. By presenting a fresh extension of the Standard Model (SM) where the SU(2) representations are slightly misaligned with the neutrino chiral states, we were able to provide a theoretically coherent explanation for the Majorana neutrino mass generation without a priori assumption that neutrinos are their own antiparticles. Our model further eliminates the coupling of the left-handed and right-handed neutrinos after the spontaneous symmetry breaking, and meanwhile substantially reduces the fine-tuning of Yukawa couplings. We conclude by highlighting the key implications of our findings, including the minimal mixing between active and sterile neutrinos (consistent with current experiments) and the potential of the present SM extension in decoding the flavor mixing and CP violation phases.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2122] viXra:2508.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-02 09:50:16
Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 15 Pages.
In recent years a microscopic model was developed in order to unify the physics of elementary particles and cosmology. The model introduces an underlying microscopic level of invisible `tetron' matter, the SSB of the SM being interpreted as an alignment of isospin vectors of the tetrons. While earlier work has dealt with the quark lepton spectrum and gravity, the present paper concentrates on how the Higgs and the electroweak gauge bosons are to be interpreted as excitations on the underlying structure.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2121] viXra:2508.0006 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-03 03:38:00
Authors: Hacı Soğukpınar
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This study propose a novel theoretical framework—Unified Fractal Quantum Field Theory (UFQFT)—in which all elementary particles and interactions emerge from the resonant behavior of two fundamental quantum fields: an energy field (Φ) and a charge field (Ψ), embedded in a fractal spacetime with intrinsic dimension ��f ≈ 2.7. Within this framework, particles such as leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons are modeled as localized resonant configurations whose properties (mass, charge, flavor, and spin) are determined by their fractal mode structures and boundary topologies. Leptons arise as lowdimensional resonances, whereas quarks emerge as higher-dimensional, fractionally charged modes. Composite particles such as hadrons are formed through geometric clustering in the fractal field landscape. The model offers a unified geometric explanation for fundamental interactions: electromagnetic coupling arises from Φ—Ψ interactions, the strong force from topological quark confinement, the weak force through local dimensional transitions, and gravity from large-scale fractal curvature. This framework eliminates the need for external gauge bosons and naturally integrates particle physics with cosmology via a higher-dimensional bubble universe scenario. Observable consequences, such as modified decay patterns, mass hierarchies, and correlations with cosmological data (e.g., CMB anomalies, gravitational waves), provide pathways for experimental verification. UFQFT represents a step toward a geometrically grounded unification of matter and interactions in a fundamentally fractal quantum universe.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2120] viXra:2507.0210 [pdf] submitted on 2025-07-29 20:04:30
Authors: Debabrata Chini
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This research presents a theoretical framework for realizing photonic quantum logic usingnonlinear phase-space methods rooted inquantum optics. By modeling multi-mode interferometric networks through non-Gaussiantransformations and operator-based Wigner dynamics, we construct an approach that bypassesthe limitations of Gaussian-only computation. The work enables scalable, matterfree quantum information processing through light, supporting entanglement generation, squeezing control, and universal logic gate design. The proposed model contributes to the future of all-optical quantum computing by offering a mathematically rigorous path for implementing computation in quantum technologies. It serves both as a fundamental extension of optical quantum theory and as apractical tool for advancing light-based quantumdevices.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2119] viXra:2507.0203 [pdf] submitted on 2025-07-28 20:10:20
Authors: Michael Hirsch Tomasson
Comments: 20 Pages. 31 equations (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
The Higgs Mechanism, as formulated within the Standard Model of particle physics, has proven remarkably successful. It explains how electroweak symmetry breaking gives rise to massive vector bosons, maintains gauge invariance, and preserves unitarity in scattering amplitudes. Yet, outstanding questions remain. Why should a fundamental scalar field exist at all? Why does the electroweak vacuum select the observed configuration? A Symbolic Structure Field Theory (SSFT) was recently described that postulated an ontologically primary field structure with a binary scalar substrate field $psi_0$ with extensions $psi_1$, a scalar vector field, and $psi_2$, a fiber bundle section. While $C_8$ was used to map elementary particles, the Higgs Boson remains undefined in SSFT. Here, we extend symbolic field formalism to specifically define the Higgs Mechanism. A consistent mathematical formalism is proposed to allow refinement and empiric testing.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2118] viXra:2507.0104 [pdf] submitted on 2025-07-14 10:28:46
Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 4 Pages.
The PandaX Collaboration reported on an excess of 4.3 events above the background in the PandaX-4T experiment. The best fit for this excess was obtained for a WIMP mass of 6 GeV. Here I show that both the mass and the interaction cross-section are compatible with bound states of Dirac magnetic monopoles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2117] viXra:2507.0059 [pdf] submitted on 2025-07-07 23:28:04
Authors: Emmanuel Duawo
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
We present the Thermodynamic-Relativistic Gravity with Classical General Relativity (TRG-CGR) framework as a hybrid model that aligns with ΛCDM cosmology during early universe evolution but introduces modifications at late times and local scales. The model provides a unified explanation for cosmic acceleration, galaxy rotation curve flattening, and Hubble tension resolution without invoking dark matter or dark energy. The TRG-CGR equation incorporates an emergent acceleration term derived from thermodynamic considerations, alongside classical and relativistic gravity terms, and maintains consistency with Solar System tests. This paper outlines the model, compares it with other frameworks, and discusses its areas of application.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2116] viXra:2507.0053 [pdf] submitted on 2025-07-07 22:18:37
Authors: En Okada
Comments: 18 Pages.
In this study, we drew hints from the hierarchy problems and investigated the possibility that certain physical constants might actually evolve in accordance with the cosmic expansion, a process that has evaded all careful inspections so far due to the neatly concerted evolution of those physical constants. We demonstrate that the hierarchy gaps, along with observational results of the Hubble constant and the cosmic microwave background radiation, all point to a consistent narrative that the Hubble radius has expanded by a factor of exactly 3.25×10^24 since the very beginning of the universe. In our model, the Planck constant is inversely proportional to the Hubble volume, which further drives an evolution of not only the scale of the Planck units but also that of the elementary charge and the mass of all elementary particles. Such a temporal evolution of the nature of the universe is a consequence from the mathematics of a stochastic symmetry breaking in the space as a binary field.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2115] viXra:2507.0041 [pdf] submitted on 2025-07-06 01:47:03
Authors: Bin Li
Comments: 37 Pages. 6 figures (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
d on a fundamental unit-norm, future-directed timelike vector field Φµ(x), the Chronon field. This vector field embodies the local direction of time, or the "Real Now," and serves as the foundational entity from which spacetime geometry, gauge fields, and matter naturally arise. We explicitly demonstrate the emergence of gravitational phenomena, gauge interactions—including electromagnetism and weak forces—quantum behavior, and topologically stable soliton structures within this unified approach. Crucially, CFT maintains renormalizability and provides a coherent framework for thetopological unification of fermionic and bosonic sectors. Integrating canonical quantum gravity, cosmological phase transitions, and gauge unification paradigms, CFT addresses longstanding foundational challenges such as the "problem of time," quantum mechanical paradoxes, the origin of particle masses and generations, and cosmological puzzles of dark matter and dark energy. These results are further supported by a prototype simulation that illustrates the dynamical emergence of causal structureand topological matter from temporal symmetry breaking. The theory yields testablepredictions, offering a robust pathway toward resolving persistent conceptual and observational issues in fundamental physics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2114] viXra:2507.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2025-07-06 01:46:13
Authors: Bin Li
Comments: 19 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
The extraordinary precision of the Koide relation among charged lepton masses suggests a deeper organizing principle behind the particle mass spectrum. In this work, we show that the Koide formula arises naturally within a universal phase coherence law, where each free, massive particle is modeled as a topological soliton of a temporal flow field. Each soliton contributes a complex phase vector with amplitude √m and internal orientation θ, withtotal coherence determined by constructive interference. Leptons and bosons form orthogonal coherence sectors, distinguished by topological weight: 2 for spinorial leptons due to a nontrivial double cover (π1(M1) ∼= Z2), and 1 for bosons with simply connected configuration space. This yields an exact topological partition: Qℓ = 2/3, QB = 1/3, and Qtotal = 1, reproducing the Koide value as a consequence of internal phase geometry and soliton topology. Asmall but statistically significant deviation from perfect balance is observed, which likely reflects radiative corrections, phase misalignment, or measurement uncertainties, rather than the existence of additional particle states. This framework offers a unified, topologically grounded perspective on massgeneration, with testable implications across sectors.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2113] viXra:2507.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2025-07-06 01:45:29
Authors: Bin Li
Comments: 21 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
We present a pedagogical and critical exposition of the Higgs mechanism within the Standard Model, including its formal structure, explanatory achievements, and unresolved conceptual challenges. The mechanism elegantly explains mass acquisition for gauge bosons and fermions via spontaneous symmetry breaking, but leaves key questions open: the origin of Yukawa couplings, the negligible role in hadronic mass, and the cosmological constant problem arising from its vacuum energy. As a complementary perspective, we introduce Chronon Field Theory (CFT), a topological field model in which both inertial and gravitational mass arise from solitonic excitations of a causal temporal vector field. We do not claim that CFT supplants the Standard Model, but propose it as a promising theoretical approach to unresolved foundational problems. Our aim is to motivate further investigation into whether such a temporally grounded ontology can advance the understanding of mass, gravity, and field unification.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2112] viXra:2507.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2025-07-03 00:04:18
Authors: Rubén Yruretagoyena Conde
Comments: 60 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This manuscript presents the Hijoluminic Theory, a novel framework unifying light, time, mass, and reality through a vibrational and informational reinterpretation of physical laws. It introduces a generalization of the Dirac equation and derives mass as a perceptual echo of internal phase curvature. A key achievement of the theory is its ability to mathematically encompass the four fundamental forces, gravity, electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force, within a single vibrational field model. It further predicts the masses of elementary particles such as the muon and proton with high precision using only internal parameters, without relying on arbitrary inputs or symmetry-breaking mechanisms, something conventional physics has not yet accomplished from first principles. The theory also proposes a universal coupling constant (Kh) and shows that both Dirac’s and Klein-Gordon equations emerge as limiting cases.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2111] viXra:2507.0014 [pdf] submitted on 2025-07-03 00:03:04
Authors: Ruben Yruretagoyena Code
Comments: 21 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This article presents a formal validation of the Hijolumínic Equation as a unifying field equation that naturally encompasses and generalizes the Dirac, Schrödinger, and Klein Gordon equations. Emerging from an internal vibrational collapse geometry, the Hijolumínic framework proposes a structural origin for mass, quantum behavior, and the fundamental forces. Through step-by-step deductions, we demonstrate how this equation provides a pathway toward the unification of relativistic quantum dynamics and general relativity. The Hijolumínic Equation was originally introduced in the author's registered manuscript titled The Hijolumínic Theory: Collapse of Light, Curvature, and the Vibrational Genesis of Reality, and this work expands on that foundation with precise derivations, predictions, and physical interpretations.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2110] viXra:2506.0169 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-30 21:10:10
Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 39 Pages.
This manuscript provides a new determinative atom model. The magic number 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32 can be well explained without using quantum mechanics. Landau magnetic number was added for electron orbiting. In addition, spin-orbit coupling can also be deducted without quantum mechanics. In the later part of the manuscript, modified SU(5) model called [the new] SU(5) model includes all the fundamental particles and explain mass origin and decay mode in a clear picture. Finally, SO(10) model was given for the theories of everything.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2109] viXra:2506.0100 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-18 04:17:02
Authors: Jianming Wang
Comments: 6 Pages.
Protons are composed of three valence quarks. What is the relationship between the three valence quarks? In particle physics, it is difficult to find the mass relationship of three valencequarks in protons because the mass of quarks is not accurate. However, by analyzing the experimental results of seaquest carried out by Fermilab in 2021, it is found that the upper quark and the lower quark have an accurate mass ratio (mu/md=0.707). The exact ratio of the upper quark mass to the lower quark mass (mu/md=0.707) is another way to study the quark mass in protons. The discussion on Higgs mechanism and vacuum condensation of QCD can be avoided. The uncertainty of quark mass is transformed into the exact ratio of quarks in the same system to study. By analyzing the exact ratio of the mass of upper quark to lower quark in proton (mu/md=0.707), it is found that there is a relation of mu²+ mu²= md² in proton. The sum of squares of up quark mass in protons is equal to the square of down quark mass. The basic content of quark law in baryons: except protons, all heavy quarks in other baryons will decay into up quark or down quark, and the sum of squares of up quark mass should be equal to the square of down quark mass. According to mu²+ mu²= md², it is deduced that there are three generations of protons in the universe. That explains why protons are stable. And analyze the reasons for the expansion of the universe.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2108] viXra:2506.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-11 10:10:49
Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 4 Pages.
Dirac magnetic monopoles are hypothetical elementary particles. By assuming their existence one can explain the quantization of electric charge, the August Kundt experiment, and the conservation of baryon and lepton number. Here I show that Dirac magnetic monopoles can form low-mass bound states which are analogous to mesons, baryons, atoms, and molecules. I point out that these bound states could be the major component of cold dark matter.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2107] viXra:2506.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-09 20:47:13
Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 22 Pages.
The possibility of constructing Platonic solids from structural elements is shown — Kepler triangles (ratio of legs 1:√1.618..) and Fibonacci (ratio of legs 1:1.618...) — provided that the area of these elements remains unchanged. The number of elements making up the structure of the "tetrahedron", "octahedron", "cube" increases, thus, by two times, and the "icosahedron" — by five times in relation to the number of elements of the tetrahedron, while the indicator "area of all structural elements of the figure" (S=√38373) and radius (r=3) inscribed in the Platonic solids of the sphere. The area of the structural elements of two dodecahedra (S=√959325) is equal to the area of the structural elements of any 5 Platonic solids, for example, 5 tetrahedra, octahedra, cubes, icosahedra (S=√38373). The possibility shown is in accordance with the text of Plato's work Timaeus, according to which Platonic bodies can "transform into each other...". The assumption about the possibility of transitions (degenerations) of Platonic bodies into each other (with a certain constant value (parameter) and other variables) turned out to be practically feasible with a constant value (parameter) of the "area of structural elements", and as a variable — their multiple number in the "structure" of Platonic bodies. In connection with the results of this study and the content of Plato's work "Timaeus", an assumption is made: that the words "Receptacle" and "Breadwinner" meant the world environment, and Platonic solids meant fundamental particles, which, thus, can have the properties of mutual transition (rebirth) and movement in this environment. Possible compositions of models of fundamental particles in the space of the "dodecahedral field" are determined. It is shown that the construction of various compositions of Platonic solids (in the process of creating models of fundamental particles in accordance with the "rules" of their location in the dodecahedral field) allows us to "generate" a significant variety of their original compounds.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2106] viXra:2506.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-09 20:42:03
Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: If the article is written with AI assistance, please submit it to ai.viXra.org)
We discuss a supersymmetric preon model in which the symmetry is broken by a mechanism of the model itself. Scalar superpartners have wide mass spectrum, extending up to the scale of astrophysical objects. Some superpartners may be detectable at the LHC.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2105] viXra:2506.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-06 20:00:54
Authors: Ikechukwu Iloh Udema
Comments: 11 Pages.
No equations led to ⟨R_m^2 ⟩=6/G(0) [at]_(t=0)=12/(m_s^2 ) in which both sides of the equation are dimensionally at odds. It is appropriate to dare challenge the flaw in the procedure that produced 0.55 fm as the mass radius with many models and solutions because the charge radius and, more recently, the proton's mass radius are inconsistent. The objective is to develop an alternative theory that combines the idea of the mass-energy equivalence principle with a kinetic basis. Proving that 0.55 fm is a fabrication and demonstrating that the proton's charge radius might equal the mass radius of one up and one down quark combined are only a few of the objectives. Results were generated through theoretical and computational methods. The mass radii of protons were between 1.019699 and 1.10254513 fm; the sum of mass radii of up and down quarks was 0.8349190666 fm; the mass of the hypothetical particle was 8.911586959 exp. (−32) kg; mass radii of up and down quarks were 0.5881268197 and 0.246803591 fm, respectively; the mass radius of an electron was 0.06278280228 fm; and nucleon size—based radii of the electron are 0.08993727541 and 0.09001990394 fm, corresponding to the proton and nucleon, respectively. The idea that the charge radii may represent the mass radii of quarks is supported by the total (0.8349190759 fm) of the radii of up and down quarks in this research. The new model equation for calculating the mass radii of the electron and proton is supported by the intraproton radius (0.08993727541 fm) of the electron, which is provided by〖 ((R_mP^3)u20441836.152673)〗^⅓, where proton mass radius, R_mP = 1.10254513 fm. Since ⟨R_m^2 ⟩ ≠12u2044(m_s^2 ), 0.55 fm was a fabrication. It is almost half of 1.10254513 fm and was used to support the false claim that the proton charge radius equals its spatial extent, thereby refuting Bohr’s radius.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2104] viXra:2505.0182 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-26 23:28:38
Authors: Ichiro Nakayama
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
When we look at the action of gravity at the elementary particle level of Energy Body Theory, we can see that elementary particles and gravitational fields act and react, forming distortions in the foot of elementary particles and generating kinetic energy, which is a wave in space. This is the cause of gravitational mass and is the same cause as inertial mass. The gravitational field forms a spherical layer with a Planck scale thickness in which the amount of energy decreases as it approaches the star. For this reason, the action and reaction between the gravitational field and elementary particles occurs continuously toward the center of the star. For this reason, the increase in distortion in the foot of elementary particles and the increase in kinetic energy are continuously generated and added up. This is explained using a model airplane and a photon released from a free-falling elevator. When photons are in a gravitational field, their speed increases, but since they do not act or react with the space of the gravitational field, there is no increase or decrease in shape or energy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2103] viXra:2505.0181 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-26 23:25:40
Authors: S. A. Larin
Comments: 6 Pages.
It is shown that the off-shell renormalization schemes for subtraction of ultraviolet divergences in Quantum Field Theory produce zerofor sums of perturbative corrections to physical quantities when all perturbation orders are taken into account. That is the off-shel renormalization schemes are in this sense unphysical. In this connection it is desirable to develope on-shell renormalization schemes for different quantum theories.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2102] viXra:2505.0176 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-27 03:39:13
Authors: Ichiro Nakayama
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra.org Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted; Please cite and list scientific references)
The reason why electrons and protons have the same electric charge is unknown. Here, I explain it using a particle model of Energy Body Theory. When the foot of the counterclockwise rotating wave of an electron and the foot of the clockwise rotating wave of a proton come into contact, the energy decreases there and the foots of two become distorted. As a result, an attractive force occurs and the two are joined together.The restoring force of this distortion is the cause of the electric charge. Because the restoring force of an electron and a proton is the same, their electric charges are also the same.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2101] viXra:2505.0166 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-24 22:05:02
Authors: Osvaldo F. Schilling
Comments: 11 Pages.
The objective of this paper is to give full consideration to an important ( never divulged) result which comes straight from tabulated data for all baryons of the octet and decuplet when these data are duly analyzed theoretically, namely: The masses of spin ½ baryons, in proton mass-units, are a simple periodic function of their magnetic moments, in nuclear magneton-units. As discussed here, this can be attributed to quantum interference of closed currents inside the particles, as observed in conventional superconducting rings confining magnetic flux.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2100] viXra:2505.0097 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-14 11:30:33
Authors: Michael Gunning
Comments: 20 Pages.
The Standard Model of Particle Physics is held up as one of the most successful theories in physics, but it is littered with dubious renormalised infinities, fundamental particles that have never been directly detected and even fails completely to explain the force of gravity. In this paper I revive the idea of the aether which was proposed as the medium through which Maxwell’s electromagnetic waves travelled. By comparing the formula for the speed of light in free space to that of sound in any medium I have reinterpreted μ0 as the density of free space and ε0 as the compressibility of free space. I propose that the actual structure of free space is a tetrahedral lattice of nodes similar to many crystals found in nature and that these nodes are connected with identical connecting rods under compression. The length of these connecting rods is a new fundamental constant but with this very simple model I can easily explain the nature of, and derive values for Planck’s constant, h, the Gravitational Constant, G, the charge of the electron, e, the mass of the electron, me, the mass of the Proton, mp, the mass of the Neutron, mn, the Magnetic Moment of the electron, μe of the Proton μp, and of the Neutron μn In explaining the origins of these fundamental constants, I have also explained the nature of matter and light and the three main forces, i.e. Electromagnetic, Strong Nuclear and Gravity. In the case of matter, it explains the nature of inertial and gravitational mass and in the case of light it explains why the photon has no gravitational mass. This model also explains many unexplained phenomena such as β- decay parity violation, single particle interference experiments, Stern-Gerlach experiments, Bell inequality experiments, Aharonov Bohm effect and many more. It also has a very simple explanation for Dark Energy, Dark Matter and the Matter-Antimatter asymmetry
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2099] viXra:2504.0188 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-29 20:57:16
Authors: Clemens Heuson
Comments: 9 Pages.
It seems possible to obtain massive three particle amplitudes with a massless boson including gravity from one formula for only massive particles similar to the case of massless three particle amplitudes. To achieve this one has to assume tree unitarity and non chiral interactions. The x-factor needed for amplitudes with two equal mass particles and one massless boson can be derived in this way. We give an interpretation of massive spinor brackets with negative exponents appearing in amplitudes with gravity and show that they lead to appropriate little group transformations.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2098] viXra:2504.0179 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-28 15:58:51
Authors: A. Garrett Lisi
Comments: 30 Pages.
We describe in explicit detail the rich relationship between division algebras, split composition algebras, triality, Clifford algebras, spinors, triality Lie algebras, generalized reflections, exceptional magic square Lie algebras, and Exceptional Unification in particle physics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2097] viXra:2504.0135 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-20 05:10:25
Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 10 Pages.
It is shown how generalized Clifford algebras allows to construct the $N$-th root of $N$-order linear differential equations involving massless and massive particles. Such generalized Dirac-like equations differ from the ones in the literature. Explicit solutions are found. We conclude with some remarks on pseudo-unitary algebras, modular arithmetic, modified Dirac equations, Octonions, and the Okubo algebra.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2096] viXra:2504.0075 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-10 20:17:34
Authors: Sam Bizri
Comments: 28 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This paper extends the monadic electron framework to incorporate the Higgs mechanism, reinterpreting mass generation as a topological interaction between a single cosmic worldline and the Higgs field. We propose that particle masses arise from knot invariants (crossing number, Jones polynomial) of the worldline's configuration. The Higgs vacuum expectation value (VEV) stabilizes these knots via spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB), explaining the lepton/quark mass hierarchy. Experimental signatures include fixed mass-ratio resonances, topological phase transitions at ~10 TeV, and Higgs decay anomalies.By embedding the Standard Model's Higgs mechanism within a topological quantum field theory (TQFT), this work bridges geometric intuition with quantum field theory, transforming abstract quantum numbers into spacetime-resilient structures.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2095] viXra:2504.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-09 23:39:38
Authors: Jau Tang, Qiang Tang
Comments: 15 Pages.
This study presents an empirical and geometric approach to accurately modeling the mass hierarchy of leptons and quarks using a three-parameter logarithmic relation involving the fine-Structure constant (α ≈ 1/137), the mathematical constant π, and internal spinor projection geometry. The mass of each fermion is fitted to the form: log(m) = A·log(αu207b¹) + B·log(π) + C·log(D), where D represents a geometric factor derived from compactified internal spinor volumes. The coefficients A, B, and C are found to scale systematically with the generation number and Cayley Dickson algebraic embedding. Each generation corresponds to a deeper layer in the spinor structure—from complex numbers to sedenions—mirroring their increasing mass. Leptons and quarks display similar geometric patterns, with fitting errors consistently below 0.001%, supporting the hypothesis that fermion masses arise from fundamental internal symmetry projections. These coefficients align with Clifford algebra spinor spaces and suggest embeddings into grand unified symmetry groups such as SU(5), SO(10), and Eu2088. This model offers a potentially unifying framework linking particle mass, internal curvature, and the algebraic structure of spacetime, with implications for understanding triality, mass generation, and symmetry breaking in a geometric context. Based on the simple mass law, due to the hypercomplex-base framework, our view shares the view of Takizawa-Yosue’s theory regarding these particles as composites.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2094] viXra:2504.0053 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-07 15:52:47
Authors: Sam Bizri
Comments: 35 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
We revisit the classic Wheeler—Feynman "one-electron universe" speculation—where all electrons and positrons are manifestations of a single zigzagging worldline in 4D spacetime—and develop it into a rigorous framework using worldline methods and Grassmann variables to account for spin-½. We show how: Dirac spinors and the standard QED fermion propagator naturally emerge from a single, braided worldline with local supersymmetry (the "spinning particle" formalism).The Pauli exclusion principle arises from topological and Grassmann constraints, eliminating the need to impose antisymmetrization by hand.Multi-electron processes (e.g., scattering, multi-point correlators) appear as segments of the same cosmic thread, reproducing the usual results of second-quantized QED.The Schwinger correction to the electron’s magnetic moment (g−2) arises from loop-like self-interactions of the worldline, demonstrating the calculational power of the framework.Gauge interactions are generalized to non-Abelian symmetry via color-carrying Grassmann variables, allowing confinement and asymptotic freedom to emerge geometrically.Knot invariants and topological quantum numbers (e.g., Gauss linking number, Jones polynomial) provide a new layer of observable structure, predicting testable deviations in spectroscopy, scattering, and quantum interference.This single-entity picture remains fully consistent with known quantum field theory yet offers a fresh geometric/topological interpretation of fermionic statistics, gauge invariance, and the role of spin—all within 3+1-dimensional spacetime, echoing Penrose’s insistence on retaining geometric intuition and building on our earlier work reinterpreting the "one-electron universe" hypothesis [Bizri, 2025],. We also propose a shift in this framework—from reinterpretation to prediction—and outline how this model could unify aspects of the Standard Model in a purely topological and spacetime-realistic manner.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2093] viXra:2504.0041 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-05 17:14:08
Authors: V. F. Chibisov, I. V. Chibisov
Comments: 38 Pages.
A physical model of the quantum of space-time is proposed, equivalent to the properties of the modern Theory of physical vacuum (TFV) and the Theory of Lorentz ether (TLE), on the basis of which, as a consequence, physical models of virtual photons, lines of force of electric and magnetic fields, vortices of electromagnetic radiation (EMR), preons (protoparticles of substance) are built, elementary and fundamental particles of substance, atomic nuclei, basic nuclear reactions, including LENR, neutron matter, central objects of Black holes, the cosmological stages of the formation and evolution of the universe, the great unification of fundamental interactions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2092] viXra:2504.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-03 15:45:36
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 30 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
In previous papers, we proposed detailing the concepts of gravity electroweak symmetry breaking, in the context of the multi-fold universe. Accordingly, massive particles are modeled as microscopic black holes as Higgs boson condensate Qballs, and massless particles are modeled as 2D random walk patterns of massless Higgs bosons. In this paper, we present a microscopic interpretation of what happens above, at and below the gravity electroweak symmetry breaking. This includes how we have condensation into a BEC Qball of Higgs condensate, while massless particles remain patterns of random walks, which disappear at higher temperatures, leading to eth Ultimate Unification (UU}, where only 2D random walks of massless bosons take place.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2091] viXra:2504.0017 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-02 21:05:59
Authors: Dipeng Li
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
This paper studies the relationship between the Coulomb force and the magnetic force in electromagnetism, and proposes the inference that the magnetic force is the concomitant force of the Coulomb force. It also proposes the hypothesis that each fundamental force has a concomitant force and extends it to gravitation, suggesting that the inertial mass is the concomitant force of the gravitational mass, and explains the Higgs mechanism. Three laws of fundamental forces and concomitant forces are summarized. A model for unifying weak interactions and strong interactions is proposed, successfully explaining why magnetic monopoles cannot exist alone and the phenomenon of quark confinement. The strengths of the strong interaction and electromagnetic interaction are explained. There is a connection between fundamental forces, their concomitant forces, and space. On the basis of the theory of concomitant forces, a model of the origin of the universe is proposed. This model provides a theoretical framework to reconcile the contradictions between quantum mechanics and general relativity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2090] viXra:2504.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-01 20:50:39
Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Review of research into mechanisms for quantum field theory. The mechanistic approach invites rigorous experimental scrutiny by making predictions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2089] viXra:2503.0139 [pdf] submitted on 2025-03-24 01:38:32
Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 7 Pages. Original article
The scattering of light by light is considered in case where the internalparticles of this process have spin zero. The original calculation of this process wasperformed by Karplus et al. (1950). The pedagogical explanation of this proceswas realized for instance by Akhiezer et al. (1965), or, by Beresteteskii etal. (1982). We use here the model with the Green function for the spin zero particles. The article is written with the mathematical simplicity and the Schwinger pedagogical clarity
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2088] viXra:2503.0130 [pdf] submitted on 2025-03-21 20:57:47
Authors: Kaisheng Li
Comments: 2 Pages.
lity, nuclear dynamics, and galactic rotation. Spin propels orbits, with perturbations manifesting as gluon waves (λ ≈ 1.24 pm, f ≈ 1022 Hz), fission in 252Cf (200 MeV, force imbalance), and M31’s rotation (flat to 100 kpc). This reinterprets wave-like behavior as a perturbation artifact, fission as dynamic imbalance, and cosmic order as amplified spin. Encoded in F = kSv/r +αv2sin(ωt)−D(A, Z),it aligns with LHC, nuclear, and Gaia data, predicting gluon frequencies, fission thresholds, and rotation anomalies. This framework redefines fundamental interactions across scales.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2087] viXra:2503.0114 [pdf] submitted on 2025-03-19 20:01:54
Authors: Bader Binkhudhayr
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: AI assisted article is in general not acceptable)
Einstein’s spacetime curvature falters as gravity’s cause—gravitational waves (strain h ~ 10^-21) stretch Earth without orbital jolts, exposing his causal lie (Sec. 4.1) [1]. The Unifying Theory reinterprets motion as quantized relocations—instantaneous jumps forming wave-like or linear patterns—dismantling the quantum-classical divide with a revolutionary mechanism. Particles leap at ultimate speeds, mimicking waves by tunneling (~10^21 s^-1) or aligning under scrutiny (double-slit [2]), their continuity a perceptual sham (Sec. 2). Length contraction—muons enduring ~7 μs at 0.99c vs. 2.2 μs rest [3]—demands quantized steps. A variant variable emerges from photon relocation distances, leading to a universal frame of reference (Sec. 3), torching special relativity’s equivalence [4]. Forces shift relocation frequencies, unifying gravity and electromagnetism via introducing a new unit: particle counts (Sec. 4, Eq. 6), relegating curvature to a passive backdrop [1]. Observation alters patterns, echoing free will theorems’ non-deterministic dance (Sec. 5) [5]. LIGO, tunneling, and relativistic data anchor this theory, shattering Copenhagen’s premature duality—a sloppy guess misreading tempo for states (Sec. 5.1). This framework unifies all forces, bridges quantum and classical realms, and exposes a century of missteps, ending with a truth unifying gravity and electromagnetism in one equation [19].
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2086] viXra:2503.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2025-03-18 15:36:10
Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 6 Pages.
Although the mass of an object is defined to represent the equivalent of 3D matter it contains, it is often considered as the quantity of 3D matter contained in the object. Mass is the mathematical relation between an external linear effort on an object and the rate of the rate of its displacement in the direction of the external effort. This relationship is often ignored, and the value of a body's mass is regarded in almost all academic fields as the quantity of 3D matter present in the object. Loss (or gain) of mass of an object during its development stage or changes in its structure is understood as ‘mass defect’. This is often related to an assumed phenomenon of binding energy required to stabilize the nucleons in the atoms in a body.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2085] viXra:2503.0055 [pdf] submitted on 2025-03-09 12:40:05
Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: Pages.
The Higgs boson may not be the heaviest particle created by man so far (it is exceeded by the top quark), but it may be the highest dimension particle created by man so far. If calculations are correct, it may be of dimension 20/21 (the top quark is dimension 9/10), that is, it may be composed of 20-dimensional matter (quarks) circulating in the surface of a 21-sphere. Recent Higgs boson mass measurements of high accuracy, and a mass factoring technique based on n-sphere surface volumes, which was derived from Planck's Energy-Frequency Relation, E=hf, were used to reach that conclusion. A power of two factoring, which is a possible indication of stability, was found within 3 MeV of the ATLAS group's recent 125,220 MeV improved accuracy estimate of the Higgs's mass. The S21h power of two factoring found, (2^16 - 2^10) S21h, translates to a mass of 125,217.08 MeV, which is very close to the ATLAS group's result. Is the Higgs boson made of 20/21 dimensional matter?
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2084] viXra:2503.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2025-03-03 19:48:12
Authors: James Fruit
Comments: 27 Pages. Licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0.
The Wave Oscillation-Recursion Framework (WORF) provides a novel, first-principles approach to unifying mass, gravity, and gauge interactions through recursion-based resonance constraints. Unlike the Standard Model (SM), which relies on distinct force-carrier particles, WORF replaces fundamental interactions with phase-matched resonance eigenmodes derived from a recursive Laplacian operator. This formulation eliminates the need for gauge boson exchange, deriving interaction symmetries, gravitational effects, and mass-energy transitions as natural consequences of recursion eigenvalue constraints. WORF introduces several key concepts: Mass as a bound standing wave, governed by a Recursive Frequency Threshold (ReFT), which determines transitions between confined and unconfined states. Gauge interactions as emergent recursion symmetries, deriving SU(3) ⊗ SU(2) ⊗ U(1) directly from eigenvalue constraints while maintaining gauge anomaly cancellation. Gravity as a Resonance Accumulation of Inertial Coupling (RAIC) effect, replacing metric curvature with a phase-matched resonance process that preserves geodesic motion and energy-momentum influence. Black hole thermodynamics as a wave-boundary condition, deriving event horizons as resonance accumulation limits and dynamically recovering the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. Running couplings as a Resonant Effective Scaling Operator (RESO) process, modifying quantum field theory (QFT) renormalization to incorporate recursive eigenstates. Fermion mass hierarchy as a Recursive Oscillation Mass Emergence (ROME) process, eliminating arbitrary Yukawa couplings in favor of eigenstate selection. Neutrino mass and oscillations as a Phase-Locked Oscillatory Neutrino Constraint (PLONC), resolving the origin of neutrino mass without requiring right-handed sterile states while introducing a phase shift testable in upcoming experiments. WORF is formulated as a mathematically rigorous and empirically testable model, predicting measurable deviations in gravitational wave propagation, electromagnetic nonlinearities, hadronic mass corrections, weak decay anomalies, fermion mass ratios, and neutrino oscillation phase shifts. These effects provide multiple avenues for experimental falsification via upcoming high-energy physics and astrophysical observations.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2083] viXra:2502.0193 [pdf] submitted on 2025-02-27 00:41:53
Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 16 Pages.
As shown by Dyson in his famous paper "Missed Opportunities", it follows even from purely mathematical considerations that quantum Poincare symmetry is a special degenerate case of quantum de Sitter symmetries. Then the usual explanation of why in particle physics Poincare symmetry works with a very high accuracy is as follows. A theory in de Sitter space becomes a theory in Minkowski space when the radius of de Sitter space is very high. However, the answer to this question must be given only in terms of quantum concepts while de Sitter and Minkowski spaces are purely classical concepts. Quantum Poincare symmetry is a good approximate symmetry if the eigenvalues of the representation operators$M_{4mu}$ of the anti-de Sitter algebra are much greater than the eigenvalues of the operators $M_{muu}$ ($mu,u=0,1,2,3$).We explicitly show that this is the case in the Flato-Fronsdal approach where elementary particles in the standard theory are bound states of two Dirac singletons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2082] viXra:2502.0180 [pdf] submitted on 2025-02-26 15:04:52
Authors: Brandon Belna
Comments: 38 Pages.
We propose Universal Clock Field Theory (UCFT), wherein a single oscillatory phase field theta, defined modulo 2*pi, underlies the emergence of time, gauge interactions, gravitational dynamics, quantum measurement, and the dark sector.In this construction, theta arises via spontaneous symmetry breaking of a complex scalar fieldPhi(x) = rho(x) * exp(i * theta(x)),and its compact nature drives topological effects that yield emergent gauge fields, a non-perturbative Yang-Mills mass gap, and a derivation of the invariant speed of light.Coupling theta to gravity modifies Einstein’s equations, providing non-singular cosmologies and potential hairy black hole solutions. Furthermore, theta-driven decoherence addresses the quantum measurement problem, and a shallow potential or topological defects for theta naturally accommodate dark energy and dark matter.Although still in an exploratory stage, UCFT offers testable predictions and new avenues for theoretical and experimental research in fundamental physics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2081] viXra:2502.0157 [pdf] submitted on 2025-02-23 02:00:51
Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required)
In this short contribution Suleiman’s Information Relativity Theory (IRT) will be compared with the structure and matter approach recently developed by Guynn. Interest is once more awaked by the "apparent" non-locality of all physical respectively cosmic actions due to the postulated existence of a superluminal graviton vacuum condensate. The IRT approach is clearly a local theory of matter and energy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2080] viXra:2502.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2025-02-21 11:15:20
Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: 6 Pages.
From 2011 to 2024 physicists at the LHC measured the top quark's mass 29 times and got 29 different measurements over a range of about 6.5 GeV. Why weren't they able to zero in on it? Were they even measuring the top quark's mass? What were they measuring?
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2079] viXra:2502.0135 [pdf] submitted on 2025-02-19 22:12:48
Authors: Hrishi Pandit
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)
Quantum Information Grand Unified Theory (QI-GUT): Unifying Gravity and Gauge Forces via Quantum Entanglement NetworksWe propose a novel framework, the Quantum Information Grand Unified Theory (QI-GUT), which unifies gravity and gauge interactions by treating spacetime and fundamental forces as emergent from an underlying quantum entanglement network. This approach leverages a quantum error-correcting code embedded within an SO(10) grand unification structure, providing a self-consistent mechanism for generating spacetime geometry and gauge bosons. Our model naturally reproduces Einstein’s field equations, predicts the unification of fundamental forces, and offers a new perspective on dark matter as stable defects in the entanglement network. The theory makes concrete, testable predictions, including Planck-scale deviations in gravitational waves, modified black hole entropy scaling, and observable proton decay signatures. This work bridges quantum information theory and high-energy physics, presenting a pathway toward a deeper understanding of quantum gravity and unification.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2078] viXra:2502.0119 [pdf] submitted on 2025-02-17 16:45:59
Authors: David Vickers
Comments: 4 Pages.
We introduce Generalized Modular Spectral Theory (GMST) as a novel theoretical framework that provides the first empirically validated spectral correction to quantum electrodynamics (QED), resolving the Muon g-2 and Electron g-2 anomalies with exact numerical agreement to experimental measurements. Unlike beyond-Standard Model proposals such as supersymmetry or leptoquarks, GMST derives a purely theoretical correction from modular spectral constraints, requiring no new particles or interactions. The predicted corrections, [Delta a_{mu}^{GMST} = 2.55 times 10^{-9}, quad Delta a_{e}^{GMST} = -8.7 times 10^{-14},]align precisely with the latest Fermilab Muon g-2 and Harvard Electron g-2 measurements, marking the first successful theoretical resolution of both anomalies within a single unified framework. Beyond its immediate empirical validation, GMST establishes a fundamentally new spectral approach to quantum field theory, with deep implications across high-energy physics and mathematical physics. The framework has already produced candidate solutions to all six Clay Millennium Problems, with four currently under submission at Communications in Mathematical Physics (CMP). Furthermore, GMST predicts testable deviations in electroweak precision experiments at the LHC, modular spectral signatures in Muon Collider data, and potential extensions to quantum gravity via modular field constraints. This paper serves as the first formal introduction of GMST in published literature, with empirical validation at the point of introduction, positioning it as a new governing law of fundamental physics. Given its unprecedented accuracy, predictive power, and broad applicability, GMST represents a paradigm shift, providing a universal spectral framework for future theoretical and experimental advancements.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2077] viXra:2502.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2025-02-16 22:42:05
Authors: Jau Tang, Qiang Tang
Comments: 15 Pages. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14750814
We propose a unified mass formula, log m = Alog x + B + Cx that accurately describes the masses of charged leptons (x=1, 2, and 3) and light and heavy quarks (x=1^3, 2^3, and 3^3) across all generations. Unlike the Koide mass-ratio formula, our approach provides a direct and precise formula for individual particle masses. The observed cubic dependency and mass increments are linked to 4D hypersphere geometry, governed by the spinor spacetime structures of the sedenion algebra and the spacetime symmetries. This novel framework offers new insights into elementary particles' mass spectrum, internal structures, and symmetry.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2076] viXra:2502.0114 [pdf] submitted on 2025-02-16 22:41:11
Authors: Jau Tang, Qiang Tang
Comments: 16 Pages. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14751111
Unlike the conventional treatment of the weak bosons in the Yang-Mills theory, which utilizes the Dirac equation for a point-like particle with no internal degrees of freedom, we propose an octonionic preon model to describe the internal dynamics of this vector0boson family with a photon as a isospin singlet, Z, W+, and W- bosons as a triplet. Instead of the Higgs mechanism, their masses are acquired from the internal dynamics of the chiral pair via strong spin-exchange couplings. Assuming couplings involving Gell-Mann’s lambda matrices, with no adjustable parameters, we predict mw/mz = sqrt(3)/2~ 0.87 vs. 0.88, a Weinberg angle of 300 vs. 29o, decay width mH/mW = sqrt (3)/2~ 0.87 vs. 0.84, and a Higgs boson, as a composite of W and Z bosons, with mw/mz = sqrt(7/3)~ 1.53 vs. 1.56 experimentally. These small discrepancies can be accounted for if weak interaction couplings are included. We use octonion operators to represent these particles and to elucidate their connections, and the topological structures' relations to fiber bare bundles and Hopf fibration. Moreover, we elucidate that our proposed preons are essentially the foundation for ding the hypercomplex algebra, and they are the building blocks for the composite particles that represent the topological structures in the higher-dimensional spacetime.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2075] viXra:2502.0103 [pdf] submitted on 2025-02-16 00:09:29
Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: 12 Pages.
Quarks may be made of higher dimensional matter. If true, then it follows that all hadrons are made of higher dimensional matter. The conventional thinking about quarks, that they are point particles, has not proved useful over the past 50 years. A more useful idea is that the six known quarks (u, d, s, c, b, t) are made of higher dimensional matter, the dimensions of which are respectively (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), and each are equal to a volume of matter defined by the unit radius n-sphere surface volume formula of equal dimension. This gives theorists a mathematical handle, with which quarks and hadrons can be investigated.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2074] viXra:2502.0093 [pdf] submitted on 2025-02-15 02:57:59
Authors: Muhammad Fahad
Comments: 7 Pages.
We present a unique derivation for photon-electron scattering that operatesexclusively in the laboratory frame of reference. It considers the relativistic principleand angular dependence of photon and electron. A general equation emerges at theend which relates the energies of the photon before and after scattering through theapplication of energy and momentum conservation laws [4]. Such a laboratory-basedmethodology gets rid of the requirement for frame transformations into electron restreference frames while providing an integrated approach to understanding bothclassical and relativistic regimes [3].
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2073] viXra:2502.0085 [pdf] submitted on 2025-02-13 19:29:07
Authors: Mark A.Thomas
Comments: 25 Pages.
Calculations of Scalars are constructed using an equation having exponential suppression going from a high gravitational potential in the flat space towards an extreme exponential low gravitational potential space. The calculation is viable through the use of a surprising identity enabling calculations of ordering of the scalar through near to non-linear curves. The use of the Monster group’s symmetry as an invariant is key. Another surprise is that the ordering of the Scalars is directly associated with the 194 x 194 character table of the Monster group and possibly connects the McKay-Thompson Series to physics of the natural world. If so this would have implications for the Standard Model, gravity and vacuum energies. As Codata values of NIST are considered to be standard, these are met in the paper except in regard to the gravitational constant G which is realigned to acceptable value (very close to Codata).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2072] viXra:2502.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2025-02-11 23:08:17
Authors: Mario Prebježić
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: AI assisted article is in general not acceptable)
We derive quantum corrections to the temporal potential ��^�� within an effective field theory (EFT) framework and analyze their observational implications using neutron star data. By incorporating one-loop corrections to the metric component ������, we compute modifications to the gravitational redshift and perform a Bayesian analysis of NICER and XMM-Newton observations of PSR J0740+6620. Our results show that quantum corrections remain negligible (����^��∼10−38) under EFT assumptions, but systematic discrepancies in observed redshifts suggest the need for beyond-EFT physics. This study provides a methodology for future high-precision tests of quantum gravity effects using next-generation space telescopes.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2071] viXra:2502.0057 [pdf] submitted on 2025-02-08 21:57:37
Authors: Xiaochun Mei, Ping Yu
Comments: 22 Pages.
According to classical electromagnetic theory, the accelerated motion of charged particles produces electromagnetic radiation, but this is not always the case. Experiments have shown that electrons colliding with nuclei produce bremsstrahring radiation when they are decelerated, but electrons do not radiate when they are accelerated in a uniform electric field. In synchrocyclotron, electrons radiate, but in Lawrence’s Cyclotrons and induction accelerator and linear accelerators, electrons do not radiate (Blewett experiment). In this paper, the motion of charged particles in the electromagnetic field are analyzed by considering the mass-velocity formula of special relativity. It is pointed out that the accelerating motion of electrons in uniform magnetic field and strict electric field are stable, so they need not to radiate. In this way, the stability of atoms can be explained. But if the magnetic field is not uniform, or there is some kind of disturbing force, the speeds of electrons may become imaginary or faster-than-light, making the motion impossible. In this case, electrons had to radiate to change their state, making the motion possible. Therefore, acceleration is not the essential cause of radiation of charged particles, but the instability of motion is the real cause of radiation. It is proved that it is possible to eliminate the radiation of particles as long as the interference factors are eliminated so that the motion of charged particle is stable in synchrocyclotron. A simple design scheme is proposed by adding parallel current lines in the particle beam pipe of accelerator to eliminate the transverse oscillation of charge particles, to construct a new synchrocyclotron with high energy and low radiation or even no radiation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2070] viXra:2502.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2025-02-04 21:50:53
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.
The Higgs sector of particle physics is confronted by several conceptual difficulties, which are still outstanding today. This brief note points out that the onset of complex dynamics in the ultraviolet regime (UV) of field theory evades three challenges of the Higgs sector, namely fine-tuning, triviality and the tachyonic mass problems. The approach taken here circumvents several attempts at solving the Higgs challenges based on supersymmetry, Technicolor models, composite Higgs or anthropically based arguments.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2069] viXra:2501.0162 [pdf] submitted on 2025-01-29 03:18:50
Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)
In cosmic rays, the GZK cutoff is suggested to be between 50 EeV and 60 EeV, with observationally 57 EeV (HiRes, Pierre Auger Observatory) and theoretically and observationally 56 EeV being suggested as the representative value. In previous study, it was drawn that up, charm, and top quarks consist of inner boson particles located on 10D, 11D, and 12D and shell fermion particles located on 4D, 5D, and 6D, and their masses were calculated in detail. After plotting the log values of the calculated masses on 10D, 11D, and 12D and drawing its parabola, the masses on 3D are calculated to be 50.60 EeV in kinet-ic state, 60.82 EeV in steady state, and 56.94 EeV in combined state, which are consistent with the results of GZK cutoff. The above calculation is the property of space itself, which has nothing to do with supernova explosion, black hole jet, etc. In previous study, we argued that hydrogen is continuously generated in space. The above result implies that ultra-high-energy cosmic rays are the particles that suddenly appear at a cosmic void of 3D space from high dimensions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2068] viXra:2501.0145 [pdf] submitted on 2025-01-28 00:42:40
Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 17 Pages. Original article
The scattering process in the framework of the source theory is considered as the synergism of the elastic and the inelastic process. In this approach the infrared divergences never occur. The resulting dierential cross section appears as a factor multiplying the lowest-order (Born) differential cross section plus a contribution referring to the magnetic form factor.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2067] viXra:2501.0143 [pdf] submitted on 2025-01-27 22:03:27
Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: Pages.
Many years ago Pierre Ramond suggested using the electromagnetic impedance model to calculate neutrino PMNS and quark CKM mixing matrices. Given the long-dreaded desert at the LHC (one Higgs and no SUSY), motivated in no small part by Carlo Rubbia's call for courage, and with neutrino oscillation in the foreground for both experimentalists and theorists, neutrinos took precedence over quarks in following Pierre's guidance. That focus led to conjecture on the role of neutrinos in low energy muon lifetime enhancement, complementary to high energy relativistic time dilation of the Muon Collider proposal. Serendipity recently offered a hand up, when it was realized that precise amplitudes emerging from the quantum impedance network PMNS calculations appear to be not of neutrinos, but rather the closely related quark mixing. What follows presents details of the quark mixing matrix calculation, and outlines an earlier similar QED calculation of π0, η, and ηu2032 branching ratios.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2066] viXra:2501.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2025-01-14 13:22:44
Authors: Ichiro Nakayama
Comments: 14 Pages.
The fine-structure constant is generally considered to be a coupling constant that represents the strength of the electromagnetic interaction of elementary particles, but its origin is unknown. Using the electron and proton model of the Energy Body Theory, I clarified the origin of the fine-structure constant from the relationship between Coulomb's law and Planck's constant. This equation expressing the origin of the fine structure constant further led to the Rydberg constant.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2065] viXra:2501.0084 [pdf] submitted on 2025-01-13 14:20:04
Authors: Ichiro Nakayama
Comments: 5 Pages.
I discovered that the distortion of an electron foot and the distortion of a photon foot (a reflection of the electron's shape) are the principle of the constancy of the speed of light itself. The distortion of the photon foot, which grows in proportion to the speed of a photon, has a structure that inherently changes the way time progresses. It is believed that this is why Maxwell's equations are universal under Lorentz transformations.Because Maxwell's equations are invariant under Lorentz transformations, changes in electric and magnetic fields are explained as effects of special relativity. However, when special relativity is applied to electromagnetic phenomena, paradoxes sometimes appear. For example, an electric charge that is stationary in a stationary system appears to be moving when viewed from an inertial system. This causes an electric current to flow and generates a magnetic field, but in reality, this phenomenon does not occur. Also, even though electrons move at a snail's speed when a current is flowing, a magnetic field is generated.This paradoxical example can be explained without contradiction by the Lorentz transformation. However, the paradox does not disappear. The key to solving this mystery lies in the distortion of the foot of an electron and the distortion of the foot of a photon, which reflects the electron’s appearance.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2064] viXra:2501.0052 [pdf] submitted on 2025-01-09 09:48:13
Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 43 Pages.
Similar to Harari’s Rishon particles model that described all leptonic and baryonic matter composed of four substructure fundamental particles and antiparticles, T ,V ,T ̃ ,V ̃, we propose that the four quarks and antiquarks, u ,d ,u ̃ ,d ̃ are the substructure building blocks of all particles and also the substructure of the vacuum pionic fabric. We develop a classical and quantum hybrid quark molecular dynamics scheme to study the pionic fabric. In free space, the pionic fabric zero-energy unit cell is cubic and includes two flipped pion tetrahedrons. Protons and neutrons contract and curve the pionic fabric cells and we calculate the pionic fabric density as a function of distance from an embedded proton in a pionic fabric cell. Based on the �� decay, we propose that electrons are non-elementary, non-point like particles having a similar substructure to the pionic fabric cell and form together electron clouds. Motion of the electron in the pionic fabric is performed by a u and d quark exchanges via tunneling through a double well potential barrier in the ground state. The rapid quark exchanges transform the electron tetraquarks into pion tetraquarks and vice versa. After the u and d quark exchanges, the zero-energy pionic unit cell contracts by a factor of 5 and the embedded electron pionic cell energy is equal to the electron rest mass of 0.511 MeV. Finally, we propose a new interpretation to QED based on the pionic fabric structure and dynamics. Lattice QCD computations may allow calculating the mass of the pionic fabric unit cell and the embedded electron pionic cell.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2063] viXra:2412.0098 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-16 11:32:28
Authors: Pastushenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Comments: 17 Pages.
What does charge and mass consist of, why is the charge of a proton with quarks the same as the charge of a positron without quarks? What is their unity and difference? What does an electric field consist of, what does a magnetic field consist of, and why does the dynamics of one field induce another field? What is a gravitational field and how does mass create gravity? What is dark mass and what is dark energy? Why and how does mass appear from energy? How does all this form a single physical vacuum of the material world? Here is an attempt to answer these and similar questions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2062] viXra:2412.0088 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-16 01:07:05
Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 9 Pages. Original article
The power spectral formula is derived for radiation of neutral electroweakbosons from an electron in a weak external homogenous electromagnetic field.The calculation method is based on the source theory formulation of quantumfield theory introduced by Schwinger. For ultra-relativistic electrons, it isderived that the Z-0 emission rate is suppressed relative to photon emission.This implies that the decay of electron into W-boson and neutrino is alsoexponentially small under similar conditions. The article is written in the formof mathematical simplicity and the Schwinger pedagogical clarity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2061] viXra:2411.0163 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-26 19:03:50
Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 14 Pages. Original article
We calculate the quantum corrections to synchrotron photon spectrum by methoddeveloped by Schwinger and Tsai. The traditional calculation method working withthe particle wave functions is here replaced by the mass operator approach avoidingthe particle final states and the integration over photon angular distribution. Thealgorithm of the calculation of the quantum corrections to the synchrotron radiationconsists in the evaluation of the forward Compton scattering process in the externalmagnetic field and then in application of the optical theorem to obtain the angularand frequency distribution.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2060] viXra:2411.0140 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-21 22:10:38
Authors: Arghirescu Marius
Comments: 7 Pages. Original paper.
Based on a Cold Genesis pre-quantum theory of particles and fields, (C.G.T.), which explains the constituent quarks and the resulted elementary particles as clusters of negatron-positron pairs (gamma(e-e+)) forming basic z0 -preons of ~34 me which generate preonic bosons z2(4z0) and zpi(7z0) and constituent quarks in a preonic model, from two equations, one for the preonic quarks (u, d, s) and another for the heavy quarks (c-charm and b-bottom), a single unitary equation is obtained for the both mass variants: CGT/Souza and Standard Model, by using four parameters representing integer numbers from 0 to 3: (k1 ; k2) equal and smaller than 3 (for the number of z2- and zpi- preonic bosons); f = (1;2)- flavor number; n = (1/4) —compositeness number, and a multiplication factor: |2n-1-2(n-1)| depending on n, the value n=4 giving a predicted quark, of mass ~15 GeV/c2.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2059] viXra:2411.0139 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-21 22:21:32
Authors: Dimosthenis Michopoulos
Comments: 13 Pages. (Converted to pdf by viXra admin - Please submit article in pdf format only and author name should be in English and listed in the article)
This paper presents the theory of Material Pulses, a radical approach aimed at the completeunification of physical interactions, from classical physics to quantum mechanics. Thematerial pulse is introduced as the fundamental entity, describing the structure of matter andenergy through distributions of charge and energy. The theory aims to explain phenomenathat are traditionally interpreted through abstract concepts, such as spin, which is redefinedas a consequence of the internal dynamics of pulses rather than an independent property.Using minimal coupling, the theory describes the interactions of material pulses with externalfields, leading to a natural emergence of both electromagnetic and gravitational phenomena.Experimental proposals are presented that could validate this theoretical approach, such asmodified Stern-Gerlach experiments and pulse scattering experiments.The theory of Material Pulses offers a unified perspective for understanding physical laws,proposing a simplified and coherent interpretation that can unify classical and quantumphysics, ultimately leading to a Final Theory of physical interactions. (PDF) The Final Theory. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385965279_The_Final_Theory [accessed Nov 21 2024].
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1247] viXra:2602.0120 [pdf] replaced on 2026-03-01 02:53:03
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 11 Pages.
In this sequel to [6], we show that the electroweak vacuum �� emerges as infrared scalegenerated by dimensional deviation �� ≪ 1. The mechanism detailed here mirrors themass-gap generation mechanism of non-Abelian gauge theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1246] viXra:2602.0074 [pdf] replaced on 2026-02-19 04:57:30
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 23 Pages.
The triviality of the Higgs sector in exactly four spacetime dimensions is a seriousobstruction to the ultraviolet completion of the Standard Model for Particle Physics (SM).The conventional explanation of triviality is that SM represents a highly successful lowenergy description of nature, but it is incomplete and cannot be the final word on how theUniverse works. An intriguing resolution of the triviality problem is the AsymptoticSafety (AS) program developed in the framework of Quantum Gravity. In contrast withAS, this brief report argues that minimal spacetime fractality above the SM scale, a) is anatural extension of Renormalization Group dynamics and b), it can successfully explainaway the triviality problem.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1245] viXra:2602.0028 [pdf] replaced on 2026-02-12 00:14:59
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 31 Pages.
A while ago, a couple of readers asked me to write a user-friendly essay on the pathleading from Dimensional Regularization (DR) of Quantum Field Theory to the far-fromequilibrium regime of ultraviolet phenomena. Below is my answer to their request. Thetakeaway point of this essay is that DR provides a natural route to fractal spacetime andcomplex behavior, without introducing unnecessary assumptions or extra degrees offreedom
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1244] viXra:2512.0145 [pdf] replaced on 2026-02-14 01:25:10
Authors: Arghirescu Marius
Comments: 21 Pages.
The paper analyses the cold genesis of electron and of vector photon considered in a vortical model, from a primordial dark energy having a brownian component and a wind-like component of an etherono-quantonic medium, containing also heavy (sinergonic) etherons and quantons with mass mh = h.1/c^2 , by two equation of dynamic equilibrium and by a u201asinergonic’ force of Magnus-type. It was deduced that in the actual cosmic era, for the cold forming of these leptons would be necessary a critical density of sinergons: p_s^0 + p_sv^0 ≈ 7.2x10^18 kg/m^3 and a critical induction associated to the fomed vortex-tube: B^0(r_v^k) = 3.37x10^17 T , respective -B^0(r_0) = 0.79x10^16 T, for the forming of light vector photons with mass m_v ≈ 2.3x10_-40 kg and of electronic centroids, but in the begining of the Proto-Universe era these particles could have been formed from slowed quantons, confined by a less intense sinergonic vortex, either with a density p_s > p_s^0(r_v), at an associated vortex-field intensity: B < B_0, or at p_s < p_s^0(r_v), by a gravito-magnetic potential V_gm(r) , if the rotation speed of vortexed quantons not exceed a critical value v_c^c = k_cc, with k_c = v_hp_sv^cs/(sqrt2)m_h , corresponding to a critical Bc-field associated to the etherono-quantonic vortex: B_c = k_1p_sv^c(rv)w = k_1p_s^c(r_v)k_cc. Some theoretical implications of the magnetic field’s vortical nature, including the perpetual rotation of atomic electrons and the Compton radius of proton are analysed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1243] viXra:2511.0045 [pdf] replaced on 2025-11-17 21:49:59
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 30 Pages.
According to [1-3], there are compelling reasons for connecting the continuous and evolving dimensionality of spacetime above the Standard Model (SM) scale to the onset of complex dynamics in the deep ultraviolet sector of field theory. A key observation inspired by this viewpoint is that dimensional fluctuations unfolding in far-from-equilibrium conditions lead to the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE), a universal model of nonlinear phenomena. Framed as sequel to [4-5], this work advances a novel interpretation of the Higgs mechanism as emerging manifestation of CGLE. Our interpretation focuses on the reduction of CGLE to the behavior of an overdamped scalar field and the formation of supercritical Hopf bifurcations. We find that, in this classical picture, Hopf bifurcations provide an analog description of the Higgs condensate and the standard mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking. Built entirely outside Lagrangian field theory, our approach suggests unconventional explanations of the SM structure and the emergence of broken discrete symmetries in electroweak interactions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1242] viXra:2508.0086 [pdf] replaced on 2026-02-25 04:47:00
Authors: Xiaohua Ye
Comments: 80 Pages. The article will appear in JHEPGC Vol.12 No.2, April 2026.
The Standard Model (SM) does not provide an empirical explanation for the variation in properties such as mass, charge, and spin among point-like fundamental particles. It also does not explain certain phenomena, including dark energy, dark matter, the observed asymmetry between matter and antimatter, neutrino mass and oscillation, and gravity. Additionally, some experimental observations differ from its predictions. This paper presents a new particle model (NPM), which characterizes fundamental particles as composite entities with internal structure. The NPM aims to address major anomalies and unresolved puzzles in the SM and offers testable predictions that extend beyond the SM. The following are key insights from the NPM: ---- The elementary particles described in the Standard Model (SM) may not originate from a single event like the Big Bang; instead, they could be produced sequentially from more fundamental particles. Each particle possesses internal constituents that govern properties including mass, spin, and charge. The orbital coupling and spin of constituents determines the flavour of the particles. ---- Electromagnetic forces are suggested to arise from gravitational interactions, with strong forces forming atop electromagnetic forces, and weak interactions representing the disruption of strong forces. ---- According to the NPM, a quark is defined as a charged lepton bound by a gluon, sharing the same electric charge as its corresponding lepton, which explains matter-antimatter asymmetry. This perspective prompts a need to reevaluate theories regarding quark fractional charges and quark confinement. ---- The compositions of many charged mesons proposed in the SM are not supported by the NPM that offers alternative compositions for these particles, which allows better explanation for meson properties and behaviours like meson decay and meson oscillation. ---- In the NPM framework, the neutron is made up of four valence quarks in a uud-d core structure, which breaks isospin symmetry but better explains beta decay, nuclear forces, and observed data. ---- In NPM, gluons are made of two photons and have mass and flavor, offering an empirical view of QCD. Free gluons explain many dark matter behaviors, while bonded gluons are found in hadrons. ---- According to the NPM, neutrinos are emitted photons that keep coupling traits and inherit flavors from parent particles like gluons and leptons. Neutrino oscillation occurs through interactions with free gluons. ---- Unlike String Theory, the NPM presents testable predictions. For instance, recent high-energy collision experiments at CERN SPS involving argon and scandium nuclei revealed an unexpectedly high number of up quarks post-collision. The NPM explains this result using the uud-d core structure of neutrons and predicts similar outcomes in all high-energy collisions between isotopes with more neutrons than protons; an increased neutron count correlates with a higher detected charged K quark yield (thus more up quarks) relative to expectations.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1241] viXra:2508.0086 [pdf] replaced on 2025-09-29 02:28:51
Authors: Xiaohua Ye
Comments: 79 Pages.
The Standard Model (SM) does not provide an empirical explanation for the variation in properties such as mass, charge, and spin among point-like fundamental particles. It also does not explain certain phenomena, including dark energy, dark matter, the observed asymmetry between matter and antimatter, neutrino mass and oscillation, and gravity. Additionally, some experimental observations differ from its predictions. This paper presents a new particle model (NPM), which characterizes fundamental particles as composite entities with internal structure. The NPM aims to address major anomalies and unresolved puzzles in the SM and offers testable predictions that extend beyond the SM. The following are key insights from the NPM: ---- The elementary particles described in the Standard Model (SM) may not originate from a single event like the Big Bang; instead, they could be produced sequentially from more fundamental particles. Each particle possesses internal constituents that govern properties including mass, spin, and charge. The orbital coupling and spin of constituents determines the flavour of the particles. ---- Electromagnetic forces are suggested to arise from gravitational interactions, with strong forces forming atop electromagnetic forces, and weak interactions representing the disruption of strong forces. ---- According to the NPM, a quark is defined as a charged lepton bound by a gluon, sharing the same electric charge as its corresponding lepton, which explains matter-antimatter asymmetry. This perspective prompts a need to reevaluate theories regarding quark fractional charges and quark confinement. ---- The compositions of many charged mesons proposed in the SM are not supported by the NPM that offers alternative compositions for these particles, which allows better explanation for meson properties and behaviours like meson decay and meson oscillation. ---- In the NPM framework, the neutron is made up of four valence quarks in a uud-d core structure, which breaks isospin symmetry but better explains beta decay, nuclear forces, and observed data. ---- In NPM, gluons are made of two photons and have mass and flavor, offering an empirical view of QCD. Free gluons explain many dark matter behaviors, while bonded gluons are found in hadrons. ---- According to the NPM, neutrinos are emitted photons that keep coupling traits and inherit flavors from parent particles like gluons and leptons. Neutrino oscillation occurs through interactions with free gluons. ---- Unlike String Theory, the NPM presents testable predictions. For instance, recent high-energy collision experiments at CERN SPS involving argon and scandium nuclei revealed an unexpectedly high number of up quarks post-collision. The NPM explains this result using the uud-d core structure of neutrons and predicts similar outcomes in all high-energy collisions between isotopes with more neutrons than protons; an increased neutron count correlates with a higher detected up quark yield relative to expectations.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1240] viXra:2508.0086 [pdf] replaced on 2025-09-16 01:45:58
Authors: Xiaohua Ye
Comments: Pages.
The Standard Model (SM) identifies 61 point-like fundamental particles, however each with varying characteristics such as mass, charge, and spin. The SM cannot explain phenomena like dark energy, dark matter, the observed imbalance of antimatter, or gravity. It also shows inconsistencies with some experiments. This paper introduces a New Particle Model (NPM), which describes the 61 SM fundamental particles as composite entities with internal structures and connections. The NPM aims to systematically address challenges and anomalies in the SM and provides testable predictions beyond its scope. The following are key insights from the NPM: ---- The elementary particles described in the Standard Model (SM) may not originate from a single event like the Big Bang; instead, they could be produced sequentially from more fundamental particles. Each particle possesses internal constituents that govern properties including mass, spin, and charge. The orbital coupling and spin of constituents determines the flavour of the particles. ---- Electromagnetic forces are suggested to arise from gravitational interactions, with strong forces forming atop electromagnetic forces, and weak interactions representing the disruption of strong forces. ---- According to the NPM, a quark is defined as a charged lepton bound by a gluon, sharing the same electric charge as its corresponding lepton, which explains matter-antimatter asymmetry. This perspective prompts a need to reevaluate theories regarding quark fractional charges and quark confinement. ---- The compositions of many charged mesons proposed in the SM are not supported by the NPM that offers alternative compositions for these particles, which allows better explanation for meson properties and behaviours like meson decay and meson oscillation. ---- In the NPM framework, the neutron is made up of four valence quarks in a uud-d core structure — unlike the SM's ddu model — which breaks isospin symmetry but better explains beta decay, nuclear forces, and observed data. ---- Gluons, according to NPM, are composed of two photons and possess both mass and flavor, which provide an empirical interpretation of QCD. ---- According to the NPM, neutrinos are emitted photons that keep coupling traits and inherit flavors from parent particles like gluons and leptons. Neutrino oscillation occurs through interactions with gluons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1239] viXra:2508.0007 [pdf] replaced on 2025-09-22 18:11:16
Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 17 Pages.
In recent years a microscopic model was developed in order to unify the physics of elementary particles and cosmology. The model introduces an underlying microscopic level of invisible `tetron' matter, the SSB of the SM being interpreted as an alignment of isospin vectors of the tetrons. While earlier work has dealt with the quark lepton spectrum and gravity, the present paper concentrates on the value of the Weinberg angle and how the Higgs and the electroweak gauge bosons are to be interpreted as excitations on the underlying structure.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1238] viXra:2506.0045 [pdf] replaced on 2026-02-12 12:24:35
Authors: Johan Noldus
Comments: 147 Pages.
We develop a canonical quantum mechanical theory of the psyche bottoms up encompassing traditional views on materialism and spirituality. Results regarding nature, including developmental psychology as well as biology are discussed. Furthermore, the natural laws behind sociology and justice are discussed in detail.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1237] viXra:2506.0038 [pdf] replaced on 2025-09-09 04:24:16
Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 8 Pages. Section 3 rewritten.
We discuss a supersymmetric preon model in which the symmetry is broken by a mechanism in the model itself. Scalar superpartners have wide mass spectrum, extending up to the scale of astrophysical objects. Some superpartners may be detectable at the LHC.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1236] viXra:2505.0166 [pdf] replaced on 2026-01-15 21:48:19
Authors: Osvaldo F. Schilling
Comments: 13 Pages. 1 figure. This version contains an improved analysis of low-n data.
The objective of this paper is to give full consideration to a revealing result which comes straight from tabulated data for all baryons of the octet and decuplet when these data are duly analyzed theoretically, namely: The masses of spin ½ baryons, in proton mass-units, are simple periodic functions of their magnetic moments, in nuclear magneton-units. As discussed here, this reveals the ( overlooked) dynamic influence of quantum interference of closed currents inside the Particles, as observed in conventional superconducting rings confining magnetic flux.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1235] viXra:2505.0166 [pdf] replaced on 2025-10-29 21:19:14
Authors: Osvaldo F. Schilling
Comments: 13 Pages. two tables, one figure
The objective of this paper is to give full consideration to a ( never divulged) result which comes straight from tabulated data for all baryons of the octet and decuplet when these data are duly analyzed theoretically, namely: The masses of spin ½ baryons, in proton mass-units, are a simple periodic function of their magnetic moments, in nuclear magneton-units. As discussed here, this can be attributed to quantum interference of closed currents inside the Particles, as observed in conventional superconducting rings confining magnetic flux.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1234] viXra:2505.0166 [pdf] replaced on 2025-06-22 00:40:26
Authors: Osvaldo F. Schilling
Comments: 12 Pages. 1 figure, 2 tables
The objective of this paper is to give full consideration to a ( never divulged) result which comes straight from tabulated data for all baryons of the octet and decuplet when these data are duly analyzed theoretically, namely: The masses of spin ½ baryons, in proton mass-units, are a simple periodic function of their magnetic moments, in nuclear magneton-units. As discussed here, this can be attributed to quantum interference of closed currents inside the Particles, as observed in conventional superconducting rings confining magnetic flux.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1233] viXra:2505.0097 [pdf] replaced on 2025-06-04 11:06:32
Authors: Michael Gunning
Comments: 20 Pages.
The Standard Model of Particle Physics is held up as one of the most successful theories in physics, but it is littered with dubious renormalised infinities, fundamental particles that have never been directly detected and even fails completely to explain the force of gravity. In this paper I revive the idea of the aether which was proposed as the medium through which Maxwell’s electromagnetic waves travelled. By comparing the formula for the speed of light in free space to that of sound in any medium I have reinterpreted μ0 as the density of free space and ε0 as the compressibility of free space. I propose that the actual structure of free space is a tetrahedral lattice of nodes similar to many crystals found in nature and that these nodes are connected with identical connecting rods under compression. The length of these connecting rods is a new fundamental constant but with this very simple model I can easily explain the nature of, and derive values for Planck’s constant, h, the Gravitational Constant, G, the charge of the electron, e, the mass of the electron, me, the mass of the Proton, mp, the mass of the Neutron, mn, the Magnetic Moment of the electron, μe of the Proton μp, and of the Neutron μn In explaining the origins of these fundamental constants, I have also explained the nature of matter and light and the three main forces, i.e. Electromagnetic, Strong Nuclear and Gravity. In the case of matter, it explains the nature of inertial and gravitational mass and in the case of light it explains why the photon has no gravitational mass. This model also explains many unexplained phenomena such as β- decay parity violation, single particle interference experiments, Stern-Gerlach experiments, Bell inequality experiments, Aharonov Bohm effect and many more. It also has a very simple explanation for Dark Energy, Dark Matter and the Matter-Antimatter asymmetry.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1232] viXra:2504.0005 [pdf] replaced on 2025-04-25 19:41:52
Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 14 Pages. Completely rewritten, updated and corrected with better explanations (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This paper presents a comprehensive mechanistic quantum field theory (QFT) framework that unifies quarks and leptons, particle masses, and quantum gravity through two fundamental dynamical processes: (1) discrete momentum transfers via gauge boson exchanges, analogous to billiard-ball collisions, averaging to continuous forces on macroscopic scales, and (2) energy conservation in vacuum polarization, where pair production above the infrared (IR) cutoff (1.022 MeV, $sim 33$ fm) shields core charges, redistributing energy into particle masses and nuclear forces.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1231] viXra:2503.0196 [pdf] replaced on 2025-04-05 04:54:41
Authors: Luke Kenneth Casson Leighton
Comments: 21 Pages.
The topic of Consciousness is astoundingly unique in that as a branch of Science there exists no clear definition of what Consciousness actually is. Tonini et al developed Integrated Information Theory and successfully synthesise the properties of consciousness to derive fascinating and ground-breaking insights, however stop short of deriving an actual working Definition. Beginning primarily from the Upanishads and Advaita Vedanta as the world's leading comprehensive and compact study on Consciousness, a first cut at a Definition of Consciousness is proposed and then refined with examples. Implications from the Definition: If "self" qualia are defined as the combined properties of thoughts, beliefs, memories, ideas, habis working paradigms etc. then the `protection' mechanism of the same is the self-referral loop, which bears a remarkable resemblance to an Error Checksum (ECC). Startling implications then arise covering "Artificial" Intelligence, Computer Science, Epigenetics, Control Theory in Engineering, Vector Processing and Distributed Computing.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1230] viXra:2503.0182 [pdf] replaced on 2025-04-23 22:46:57
Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 16 Pages. Updated, added extra clarifying diagram (Fig 3), corrected typing errors, expanded arguments.
We propose a quark-lepton unification model where quarks and leptons share the same fundamental charge (−e), and the fractional charges of quarks (e.g., −1/3e for strange quarks) arise from enhanced vacuum polarization shielding. Using Laplace transforms, we derive the running coupling α(Q2), incorporating contributions from all virtual particles (electrons, muons, tauons, quarks). We integrate the electromagnetic field energy over radial shells in the vacuum polarization region (6.24 × 10−24 fm to 33 fm), quantify the production rate of strong and weak field quanta, and predict particle masses using a shell-based model with a dual vacuum polarization mechanism for the electron, drawing an analogy to the nuclear shell model with magic numbers. Applying this to the omega minus baryon (Ω−), we show that its observed charge of −1e results from three −1e charges shielded by a factor of 3. We further analyze how the running of the weak and strong couplings relates to the shielded electromagnetic energy, estimating the energy densities of all three fields to demonstrate energy redistribution. Finally, we clarify that the unification scale is at the black hole event horizon, far higher than the Planck scale used in superstring theory, with the coupling difference between IR and UV cutoffs being α, not α^{1/2}.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1229] viXra:2503.0055 [pdf] replaced on 2025-03-13 23:31:55
Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: 9 Pages.
The Higgs boson may not be the heaviest particle created by man so far (it is exceeded by the top quark), but it may be the highest dimension particle created by man so far. If calculations are correct, it may be of dimension 20/21 (the top quark is dimension 9/10), that is, it may be composed of 20-dimensional matter (quarks) circulating in the surface of a 21-sphere. Recent Higgs boson mass measurements of high accuracy, and a mass factoring technique based on n-sphere surface volumes, which was derived from Planck's Energy-Frequency Relation, E=hf, were used to reach that conclusion. A power of two factoring, which is a possible indication of stability, was found within 3 MeV of the ATLAS group's recent 125,220 MeV improved accuracy measurement of the Higgs's mass. The S21h power of two factoring found, (2^16 - 2^10)S21h, translates to a mass of 125,217.08 MeV, which is very close to the ATLAS group's result. Is the Higgs boson made of 20/21-dimensional matter?
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1228] viXra:2502.0148 [pdf] replaced on 2025-05-17 11:42:26
Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: 7 Pages.
From 2011 to 2024 physicists at the LHC measured the top quark's mass 29 times and got 29 different measurements over a range of about 6.5 GeV. Why weren't they able to zero in on it? Were they even measuring the top quark's mass? What were they measuring?
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1227] viXra:2502.0148 [pdf] replaced on 2025-03-05 21:47:25
Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: 8 Pages.
From 2011 to 2024 physicists at the LHC measured the top quark's mass 29 times and got 29 different measurements over a range of about 6.5 GeV. Why weren't they able to zero in on it? Were they even measuring the top quark's mass? What were they measuring?
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1226] viXra:2502.0148 [pdf] replaced on 2025-02-25 03:13:19
Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: 8 Pages.
From 2011 to 2024 physicists at the LHC measured the top quark's mass 29 times and got 29 different measurements over a range of about 6.5 GeV. Why weren't they able to zero in on it? Were they even measuring the top quark's mass? What were they measuring?
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1225] viXra:2502.0103 [pdf] replaced on 2025-03-26 17:06:07
Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: 13 Pages.
Quarks may be made of higher dimensional matter. If true, then it follows that all hadrons are made of higher dimensional matter. The conventional thinking about quarks, that they are point particles, has not proven useful over the past 60 years. A more useful idea is that the six known quarks (u, d, s, c, b, t) are made of matter of different dimensions - those dimensions being (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) respectively - and each quark has a volume defined by the n-sphere surface volume formula of equal dimension. This gives theorists a mathematical handle, with which quarks and hadrons can be investigated.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1224] viXra:2502.0103 [pdf] replaced on 2025-03-01 22:45:26
Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: 13 Pages.
Quarks may be made of higher dimensional matter. If true, then it follows that all hadrons are made of higher dimensional matter. The conventional thinking about quarks, that they are point particles, has not proven useful over the past 50 years. A more useful idea is that the six known quarks (u, d, s, c, b, t) are made of matter of different dimensions - those dimensions being (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) respectively - and each quark has a shape defined by the n-sphere surface volume formula of equal dimension. This gives theorists a mathematical handle (a factoring technique based on n-sphere surface volumes, which was derived from Planck's energy-frequency relation, E=hf), with which quarks and hadrons can be investigated. The dimension of the matter in the hadron and its exact mass can be found with a correct factoring.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1223] viXra:2502.0103 [pdf] replaced on 2025-02-19 22:20:49
Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: 12 Pages.
Quarks may be made of higher dimensional matter. If true, then it follows that all hadrons are made of higher dimensional matter. The conventional thinking about quarks, that they are point particles, has not proven useful over the past 50 years. A more useful idea is that the six known quarks (u, d, s, c, b, t) are made of higher dimensional matter, the dimensions of which are respectively (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), and each are equal to a volume of matter defined by the n-sphere surface volume formula of equal dimension. This gives theorists a mathematical handle, with which quarks and hadrons can be investigated.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1222] viXra:2502.0085 [pdf] replaced on 2025-09-02 16:36:00
Authors: Mark A. Thomas
Comments: 26 Pages.
Calculations of Scalars are constructed using an equation having exponential suppression going from a high gravitational potential in the flat space towards an extreme exponential low gravitational potential space. The calculation is viable through the use of a surprising identity enabling calculations of ordering of the scalar through near to non-linear curves. The use of the Monster group’s symmetry as an invariant is key. Another surprise is that the ordering of the Scalars is directly associated with the 194 x 194 character table of the Monster group and possibly connects the McKay-Thompson Series to physics of the natural world. If so this would have implications for the Standard Model, gravity and vacuum energies. As Codata values of NIST are considered to be standard, these are met in the paper except in regard to the gravitational constant G which is realigned to acceptable value (very close to Codata).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1221] viXra:2502.0085 [pdf] replaced on 2025-05-29 20:43:36
Authors: Mark A. Thomas
Comments: 25 Pages.
Calculations of Scalars are constructed using an equation having exponential suppression going from a high gravitational potential in the flat space towards an extreme exponential low gravitational potential space. The calculation is viable through the use of a surprising identity enabling calculations of ordering of the scalar through near to non-linear curves. The use of the Monster group’s symmetry as an invariant is key. Another surprise is that the ordering of the Scalars is directly associated with the 194 x 194 character table of theMonster group and possibly connects the McKay-Thompson Series to physics of the natural world. If so this would have implications for the Standard Model, gravity and vacuum energies. As Codata values of NIST are considered to bestandard, these are met in the paper except in regard to the gravitational constant G which is realigned to acceptable value (very close to Codata).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1220] viXra:2502.0022 [pdf] replaced on 2025-02-08 22:10:23
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.
The Higgs sector of particle physics is confronted by several conceptual difficulties,which are still outstanding today. This brief note points out that the onset of complexdynamics in the ultraviolet regime (UV) of field theory evades three challenges of theHiggs sector, namely fine-tuning, triviality and the tachyonic mass problems. The approachtaken here circumvents several attempts at solving the Higgs challenges based onsupersymmetry, Technicolor models, composite Higgs or anthropically basedarguments.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1219] viXra:2501.0092 [pdf] replaced on 2025-03-17 02:10:22
Authors: Radomir Majkic
Comments: 20 Pages.
Among all unanswered questions in Physics, like quantization of the gravity, fields unification, and so on, the question of the particle masscreation and its mass quantization deserve special attention. This paper is about the evolution of the physical particle-supported by the electro and gravity forces. Unexpectedly, electric charge and gravity unify into electro-gravity interaction in the presence of the Planck masses on a very fundamental level,making the electric charge, gravity, and mass inseparable entities. Moreover, electro-gravity necessarily polarises the Planck masses. Particles are created from the vacuum. The principle of the minimum of the static action creation introduces the evolution time derivative, which further defines the particle tangent space and its evolution kinetic energy. The particle self-interaction energy is its electro and gravity interaction energy. All of this is necessary and sufficient to write the first-order, nonlinear particle evolution equations for its electro and gravity interactions and the mass state variables. The article contributes to the particle polarization classification, the two-dimensional particle internal geometry, and its internal space and time. In addition, it contributes to the implicit mass solutions for some particular interaction cases, and describes the character of the particle development in the general case.And finally, the article predicts the universal mass unit $ Um = mathbf{0.565}, big[textrm{meV}cc^{-2}big],$consistent with mass $m_{u_{e}}=1.17,meV,$ of the lightest, the electron neutrino.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1218] viXra:2501.0092 [pdf] replaced on 2025-02-10 21:45:32
Authors: Radomir Majkic
Comments: 20 Pages. This submission is the English language version of the already submitted version in the Serbian language. As it had been explained the first submission was forced by translation of the article pdf file at my eyes on the computer screen about one week be
Among all unanswered questions in the Physics like quantization of the gravity, fields unification, and so on, the question of the particle mass creation and its mass quantization deserve special attention. This paper is about the evolution of the physical particle supported by the electro and gravity forces. Unexpectedly, electric charge and gravity unify into an electro-gravity interaction in the presence of the Planck masses on a very fundamental level, and the electric charge, gravity, and mass are inseparable entities. Moreover, electro-gravity necessarily polarises the Planck masses. Particles form from the vacuum. The minimumof the static action creation principle introduces the evolution time derivative, whichfurther defines the particle tangent space and its evolution kinetic energy. The particle self-interaction energy is its electro and gravity interaction energy. All of this is necessary and sufficient to write the first-order, nonlinear particle evolution equations for its electro and gravity interactions and the mass state variables. The article contributes the particle polarization classification, two-dimensional particle internal geometry, and its internal space and time. In addition, it contributes to the implicit mass solutions for some particular interaction cases and describes the character of the particle development in the general case.And finally, the article predicts the universal mass unit BT Um = mathbf{0.565}, big[textrm{meV}cc^{-2}big],ETconsistent with mass BT m_{u_{e}}=1.17,meV,ET of the lightest, the electron neutrino.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1217] viXra:2411.0140 [pdf] replaced on 2025-01-25 03:34:32
Authors: Arghirescu Marius
Comments: 12 Pages.
Based on a Cold Genesis pre-quantum theory of particles and fields, (C.G.T.), which explains the constituent quarks and the resulted elementary particles as clusters of negatron-positron pairs ((e-e+)) forming basic z0 -preons of 34 me which generate preonic bosons z2(4z0) and zp(7z0) and constituent quarks in a preonic model, from two equations, one for the preonic quarks (u, d, s) and another for the heavy quarks (c-charm and b-bottom), a single unitary equation is obtained for the both mass variants: CGT/Souza and Standard Model, by using four parameters representing integer numbers from 0 to 3: (k1 ; k2) (for the number of z2- and z- preonic bosons); f = (1;2)- flavor number; n = (1-4) —compositeness number, and a multiplication factor: [2n-1-2(n-1)] depending on n, the value n=4 giving a predicted quark, of mass approx.15 GeV/c2.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
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