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[13] viXra:2607.0090 [pdf] submitted on 2026-07-22 01:45:07
Authors: N. Gurappa
Comments: 7 pages, no figures
Born's rule is the only probabilistic postulate of quantum mechanics that is not derived from its unitary dynamics. The phase-consistency condition (PCC) introduced here treats a quantum state's global phase as a beable — an intrinsic, particle-associated element of reality rather than an observable. Being individually inaccessible, this phase functions as a contextual (supplementary) hidden variable that deterministically maps each state onto a single eigenstate of the corresponding observable for a given measurement context. Over an ensemble, the detection frequencies yield the Born rule and its quadratic form, with no distribution over the phase assumed at any step. Applying Hamilton's principle of stationary action to the PCC yields a dimensionless-action formulation of the Feynman path integral. Therefore, both the probabilistic and dynamical contents of quantum mechanics follow from a single-phase condition.
Category: Quantum Physics
[12] viXra:2607.0087 [pdf] submitted on 2026-07-22 22:10:40
Authors: Oleg Ponfilenok
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org) https://github.com/oponfil/branch-dependent-proper-time
We propose tying the fundamental scale of gravitationally induced space-time blurring to proper time rather than to spatial length, and postulate that, under an ensemble reading of the quantum state in which each branch carries its own world line, proper-time fluctuations are statistically independent across branches. Interference is sensitive to the difference of branch phase contributions; with independent clocks this difference accumulates at the frequency ω_eff = E_br/ℏ. For a composite system we define branch-sensitive energy operationally after removing the Hamiltonian sector common to both branches and measuring the remaining split-sector energy from its physical vacuum or ground state. This prescription is invariant under a global shift of the total Hamiltonian. It yields V/V_0 = exp(−χ) with χ ∝ m² t^(2/3) for a centre-of-mass interferometer. Confronted with sodium-nanoparticle interferometry of the Vienna group, this gives an upper bound ξ ≲ 1.1. A decisive test is near: at m ~ 1 MDa and v ≈ 25 m/s the model predicts practically complete loss of interference, whereas standard quantum mechanics expects measurable fringes.
Category: Quantum Physics
[11] viXra:2607.0083 [pdf] submitted on 2026-07-20 10:12:35
Authors: Terry J. McMahon
Comments: 9 Pages.
Nonlinear physical processes arise via dimensional parameters scaling with energy. Parameter dimensions determine the scaling character at speed of light c, and at velocities < c. Reducing dimensional analysis to time and length dimensions only, resolves this scaling paradigm. A mode change occurs for running parameters for wave-particle velocities < c, consistent with symmetry breaking, where scaling is determined by the exponent on the length component. The fine structure constant alpha is found to have dimensions Hz, requiring dimensional amendments to a number of fundamental parameters. The gravitational constant G is found to have dimensions m-1, implying that gravity is not a force. Gravity is shown to have dimensions of linear density. Running parameters ought to resolve multiple anomalies within the standard model, leading to unification of gravity with electromagnetism.
Category: Quantum Physics
[10] viXra:2607.0082 [pdf] submitted on 2026-07-20 10:19:17
Authors: Terry J. McMahon
Comments: 20 Pages. Part 2 of a series
Dimensional analyses identify running modes for dimensional parameters. Relationships with the gravitational parameter G introduce an apparent primordial code, designated the ‘interaction constant’ for now, which appears to be embedded within every wave-particle duality, process and interaction. Dimensional parameters are emergent from this interaction constant. Least energy occurs at speed of light (c) for quantum wave-particles (wavicles). Wavicle-specific, dimensional quantum parameters scale mostly linearly at c with energy. Scaling becomes non-linear < c for many parameters (including mass, gravity, and the Planck ‘constant’), synonymous with symmetry breaking. This feature of the standard model ought to resolve dark matter. Quantum wavicles appear to be fractally related. Gravity is emergent, forming the spatial field interaction with matter, contracting locally, which unites with quantum theory. Multiple constants are amended and several new relationships introduced. These amendments to the standard model, with the ubiquitous interaction constant embedded as a primordial code, are invariant under multiple systems of simultaneous assessment. A finely tuned, encoded universe with emergent parameters, is inconsistent with a chaotic big bang cosmology.
Category: Quantum Physics
[9] viXra:2607.0075 [pdf] submitted on 2026-07-18 21:31:08
Authors: Jiankun Lai
Comments: 24 Pages.
To explore the evolutionary law between single-filament diffraction fringes and double-slit diffraction fringes, a self-made experimental device with dynamically and symmetrically adjustable slit widths was adopted to carry out comparative laser diffraction experiments. (Background) Single-filament and double-slit diffraction have long lacked a unified particle-based theoretical framework to explain fringe evolution[1][2][3][4][5]. (Methods) Self-adjustable double-slit equipment and three sets of comparative optical experiments were designed, together with a complete set of dynamic mathematical derivation based on near-field electromagnetic gradient force. (Results) The experimental results show that double-slit diffraction fringes can be continuously evolved from single-filament diffraction fringes, and both have the structural characteristics of enveloping fine fringes. The particle flow model derived in this paper can uniformly explain the diffraction laws of photons and electrons, which is highly consistent with measured data. (Conclusions) This particle-trajectory interpretation provides a new theoretical perspective for basic optical experiment teaching and diffraction mechanism research. Based on the local near-field interaction characteristics of microscopic particles, a particle flow model with particle trajectory deflection is established. Starting from the action mechanism of near-field electromagnetic gradient force, a complete set of mathematical and physical relational expressions for particle deflection angle, transverse momentum increment and diffraction fringe spacing are derived. Model parameter calibration and self-consistency test are completed by using measured xperimental data. Two groups of differentiated comparative experiments prove that microscopic particles have definite propagation paths when passing through obstacles. The established particle flow model can coherently explain the diffraction imaging laws of photons and electrons uniformly, and is highly consistent with the measured fringe changes. It can provide new reference ideas and theoretical interpretation perspectives for the research on physical mechanism of diffraction and physics experiment teaching.
Category: Quantum Physics
[8] viXra:2607.0074 [pdf] submitted on 2026-07-16 03:00:13
Authors: Asutosh Kumar, Vishal Arya
Comments: 11 Pages.
The wave-particle duality of light and matter remains a cornerstone of quantum mechanics.The Standard Model of particle physics defines both the photon and the electron as strictly elementary, indivisible point particles. In this paper, we propose a composite model of quanta wherein these purported elementary particles are composed of multiple, underlying vibratory entities. We introduce a topological wave-packet framework and examine how this sub-structural hypothesis can naturally recover wave-particle duality by explaining the wave and the particle phenomena of light simultaneously without changing models, address theoretical singularities, and propose potential testable predictions. We also consider the physical reason and origin of the relativity of mass and energy, and the physical meaning of Planck's constant within this framework.
Category: Quantum Physics
[7] viXra:2607.0062 [pdf] submitted on 2026-07-15 22:01:59
Authors: Miri Kim
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
Multivectors change the paradigm of electromagnetic theory. Multivectors derive not only Maxwell's equations but also energy density, Poynting vectors, Joule heat and electromagnetic force solely through calculation without the aid of experimental laws. Moreover, this process can be repeated three more times by changing the dimension of multivector in 4-dim. And these four Maxwell equations tell us what charge, spin, quarks, and mass are. The 2-vector rotor and booster transform the coordinate system and derive the ladder operator without quantum mechanics. The commutative relation of the angular momentum operator, the uncertainty principle, and the reason photons can be counted in the photoelectric effect are explained by the infinitesimal rotor and booster. These three phenomena, including Planck's constant, indicate that the infinitesimal rotor and booster are always operating. The universe is vibrating, and the current magnitude of cosmic background vibration is Planck's constant.
Category: Quantum Physics
[6] viXra:2607.0050 [pdf] submitted on 2026-07-10 23:34:53
Authors: Eric Stanley Reiter
Comments: 11 Pages.
We will explore in this sequence: 1) the experimental evidence initiating the nuclear model, 2) ER’s (author) experimental repeat, 3) threshold model vs quantization, 4) ER’s past experiments with gamma ℽ and alpha α rays, 5) ER’s recent tests splitting the α upon a crystal surface, and 6) conclusion. In addition to a serious challenge to quantization, this report reveals how so-called nucleons can diffract. We know of experiments that show what appears to be nucleon interference (1, 2). If you do not think this is a problem, please read up on the measurement problem. The short answer to this problem is: if it diffracts, it is a wave. We explain particle-like effects as thresholds.
Category: Quantum Physics
[5] viXra:2607.0041 [pdf] submitted on 2026-07-11 13:13:47
Authors: Renato Vieira dos Santos
Comments: 8 Pages.
The electromagnetic four-potential $A^mu = (Phi/c, mathbf{A})$ comprises a scalar potential $Phi$ and a vector potential $mathbf{A}$. In gauge-invariant electrodynamics, gauge symmetry together with the Lorenz condition $partial_mu A^mu = 0$ ensure that only the two transverse photon polarizations are physical, while the scalar degree of freedom decouples. Whether this elimination holds in all physical regimes is an empirical question that has never been tested in configurations where the electric field vanishes but the potentials vary in time. We ask whether the scalar mode, described by the quantity $lorenzScalar = partial_mu A^mu$, can leave a physical imprint on matter that is detectable in the electric Aharonov-Bohm effect. The original configuration proposed in 1959---time-dependent potentials applied to shielded conducting cylinders---has never been experimentally realized. We show that a phenomenological coupling $propto lorenzScalar,bar{psi}psi$ yields a phase shift proportional to $1-cos(omega T)$, orthogonal to the standard $sin(omega T)$ prediction. A frequency sweep can cleanly separate the two contributions. We outline a realistic electron interferometry experiment, analyze the dominant systematic (fringe fields), and argue that such a test is within reach of existing technology. The question is testable: a null result would provide the first empirical bound on a physical scalar mode in a field-free regime; a positive signal would indicate that the gauge-fixing procedure discards a genuine degree of freedom. Either outcome illuminates the foundations of gauge theory.
Category: Quantum Physics
[4] viXra:2607.0033 [pdf] submitted on 2026-07-09 05:17:38
Authors: Agus Mulia Bakti
Comments: 20 Pages.
We formalize the relational pair (O, M), observer and observed system, as a primitive mathematical object governed by three operational axioms. From this structure we define Recursive Observation Depth (n^k), the length of the longest informative measurement chain an observer O can perform on a system M through a Positive Operator-Valued Measure (POVM). Five propositions about n^k are proved: monotonicity, relational dependence, a characterization of superposition, an exact value for a compatible (classical) observer, and, for a generic informationally complete observer, the impossibility of a terminal state, from which the divergence of n^k follows. Rank appears only as a special case, attained when the observer's measurements are mutually compatible; once they become informationally complete and incompatible, n^k diverges. We test the framework against four no-go theorems. It is consistent with Bell, Kochen—Specker, and No-Cloning on independent structural grounds, and consistent with PBR conditionally, provided the quantum state is taken to be a property of the relation (O, M) and not of the system alone. Wigner's Friend is resolved within this framework without further postulates. The Born rule is not derived, and no new experimental predictions are offered.
Category: Quantum Physics
[3] viXra:2607.0016 [pdf] submitted on 2026-07-06 20:26:16
Authors: Larry Lee, Preet Sharma
Comments: 8 Pages.
Non-Hermitian quantum mechanics is a fairly new field and has been of great interests to theorists and experimentalists alike. In this study we have shown the basics of Non-Hermitian quantum mechanics and have put forward a scenario in which Non-Hermitian quantum mechanics can be applied to the well known Lennard-Jones potential. We have not shown explicitly what the results would be but when we apply Lennard-Jones potential to the Non-Hermitian scenario, but we have given one idea as to how it can play a part. This idea is also our continuing research.
Category: Quantum Physics
[2] viXra:2607.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2026-07-06 01:45:08
Authors: Ion Vlad
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Bell's theorem demonstrates that no local deterministic theory can reproduce the complete set of correlations predicted by standard quantum mechanics. The present work accepts Bell's theorem as mathematically correct but questions the physical interpretation of the quantum correlation function used in Bell analyses. It is argued that entangled particles inherit a complete common physical state at their creation and that subsequent measurements reveal selected observables of this state rather than generating new information or requiring superluminal communication. The paper further proposes that the standard quantum correlation function, (E(θ)=−cosθ), incorporates additional angular dependence beyond the information physically established at the source. Under this interpretation, the observed violation of Bell inequalities arises from the mathematical structure of the correlation function rather than from nonlocal information transfer between distant particles. An explicit local common-source model is presented, leading to a piecewise linear correlation function and motivating a decomposition of the standard quantum prediction into a local component and a supplementary angular term.
Category: Quantum Physics
[1] viXra:2607.0002 [pdf] submitted on 2026-07-01 13:37:52
Authors: Vladimir Kuz'menko
Comments: 3 Pages.
A recent article [Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 258201 (2026)] continued the experimental study of an interesting physical phenomenon, where the viscosity of a suspension can be greater when moving forward than when moving backward. The authors attribute this phenomenon to the presence of a certain memory in the environment. The physical nature of both the phenomenon itself and the supposed memory is unknown. A possible explanation of the physical nature of this effect is proposed here and simple experiments to study some properties of such non-local memory are discussed.
Category: Quantum Physics
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